Reading Objective
What is the research question(s) in this paper?
Did the G.I. bill discriminate against Black World War II veterans
What are the two alternative criteria used for judging racial discrimination?
Disparities in government spending and Cash-equivalents
What year saw the enactment of the G.I Bill?
1944
According to the author, what were three ways that Blacks got less value than the education benefits in the G.I. Bill?
Fewer university options, lower preparedness for college, and lower salaries and career opportunities after graduation.
What were the two groups of veterans this study focused on?
Black and white veterans from World War II
What type of source was used to examine the G.I. benefits used for veterans?
Historical sources
Who was the G.I Bill intended for?
Veterans
What type of discrimination did African American Veterans face when accessing G.I Bill Benefits?
Housing Discrimination, Employment Discrimination, and Educational Discrimination
Name three benefits the G.I Bill provided for returning World War II soldiers.
Education subsidies, Home loan guarantees, and unemployment insurance
How much, on average, did the U.S. government spend on G.I. benefits for Black and white WWII veterans?
White veterans would have preferred a cash transfer of $ is $554 over the benefit package and for Black veterans the cash equivalent was only $468
What is the Formal/Original name for the original G.I Bill?
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
In terms of value and utility for Black veterans, were the G.I. payments higher, the same, or lower than payments to White veterans?
By the end of the war, how many veterans were eligible for these benefits?
Over 15 million veterans were eligible for these benefits
Which group of veterans had a higher cash equivalent by 18%?
White veterans
Until what year were veterans eligible for education and training benefits?
1956
Did the U.S. government spend more on educational benefits for Black G.I.s or for White G.Is?
It spent more on educational benefits for Black G.I.s
What is the objective of this paper?
To provide an assessment of how much the U.S. government owes the descendants of Black WWII veterans as compensation for discrimination
The study evaluated these in addition to nominal amounts to gauge the advantages' true impact.
Cash-equivalents
In the original bill, until what year were veterans eligible for unemployment and self-employment benefits?
1953
What form of discrimination does the author conclude is the main form driving these results?
Systematic Racial Discrimination