Sampling
Samantha wanted to explore the impact of moss overgrowth on the production of apple trees in the US. Thus, she decided to study all the apple trees in Orlando, FL. Samantha is studying the ____of apple trees in the US by exploring the _____ of apple trees in Orlando, FL.
What is...
Samantha is studying the _POPULATION___of apple trees in the US by exploring the _SAMPLE____ of apple trees in Orlando, FL.
How do you define the Null hypothesis? How do you define the Alternative hypothesis?
What is...
Null hypothesis- there is no change, relationship, difference in the general population
Alternative hypothesis- there is a change, relationship, difference in the general population
How do you define Quantitative Research?
What is the use numbers to measure and understand phenomena
Depression and Social support variables have a -.50** correlation. What does this mean?
What is...
There is an inverse correlational relationship between Depression and Social support. Also they have a statistically significant r= .50 correlation to one another. Meaning when levels of depression are low, participants tend to engage in more social support and vice versa. This is correlation and not cause and effect.
Name a gold standard type of quantitative research design? This design tends to have great internal and external validity.
What is...
Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) OR
Experimental design
What is Snowball sampling?
What is Individuals who are participants recommend others who may fit the criteria, creating a snowball effect. May be used if individuals who fit criteria are difficult to find.
How do you define the Independent Variable (IV) and the Dependent Variable (DV)? Give an example of each.
What is..
IV is a variable whose variation does not depend on another, you personally change or control to see what effect it has on. Sometimes viewed as the predictor variable
DV is a variable that is being tested or measured, is ‘dependent’ upon the IV, typically responds to the change or control. Sometimes viewed as the outcome variable
How can "sensitivity" be improved in a quantitative study?
What is...by adding more answer choices to the individual question OR by adding more overall questions for a scale/instrument/measurement.
To have a normal distribution of data points, What would we see on the graph?
What is we would see a fat bell-curve
What is the difference between Confidentiality and Anonymity?
What is...
•Confidentiality is identity known but data reported so that privacy is protected.
•Anonymity is no unique identifying information is attached to the data.
What is Convenience sampling?
What is...
•Participants chosen because they were readily available. Cost effective.
•Least desirable strategy, but most common.
How is type I error defined? Also, why is this a serious mistake or flaw of the researcher?
What is where the researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true. It says the treatment does have an effect when it has no effect. What is it is because the researcher has essentially reported false or untrue results and is a serious crime.
How would you define the alpha level?
What is...
can be .01, .05, .001 levels
the probability of Type I error
is the level of significance
want to fail to reject the null hypothesis
The p value was p = .02, alpha was 0.05 and the b was -.123 for the regression analysis for Social support (IV) and Depression (DV). What do these results mean- is there significance? And in simple terms what is the relationship/association between the variables?
What is...
the relationship between social support and depression is statistically significant given the alpha level of .05. Also, there is an inverse relationship between the variables where as social support increases, depression symptoms decrease by .123.
Name 2 ethical considerations when conducting quantitative research?
What is:
• Participants are not harmed
• Benefits outweigh the costs for participants
• Confidentiality and anonymity of participants is secured and protected
• Do the authors mention obtaining informed consent from participants?
• Does author have conflict of interest in producing the research study?
What is probability-based sampling? Provide an example of a probability-based sampling strategy.
What is random sampling. Where everyone in the population has equal chance of being included in the sample.
Ex: Simple random sampling, systemic sampling, stratified sampling
What is a skewed distribution? Also, explain the difference between a negative and positive skew?
What is scores that tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end.
What is:
• Positive- tail on the right hand side because tail points to the right (+) end of x-axis
• Negative- tail on the left hand side because tail points to the left (-) end of x-axis
What does a small p-value tell us versus a large p-value?
Ex: p < .05 versus p > .05
What is...
Small- reject the null hypothesis, and statistically significance
Large- fail to reject the null hypothesis and not statistically significant
What is the Mode, Range, Median, and Mean in this set of data points?
12, 7, 11, 5, 12, 30, 12, 14, 3, 13
What is...
Median = 12 +12=24
24/2= 12
Mode = 12 - most frequent #
Range = 30-3 = 27
Mean = 119/10= 11.9
What is two facts that are true about a sample size’s impact on quantitative research results?
What is...
Name 2 out of the 4 factors that can lead to bias in your sample?
What is
• Nonresponse to the instrument or items on an instrument
• Incorrect representation in the sample of the population
• Incorrect sampling frame (list of the population)
• Self-selection bias
What is the Social Desirability effect AND give an example?
What is where participants answer questions or behave in a manner that makes them appear good. Leads them to overreport positive behaviors and underreport negative behaviors.
Ex: overreport charitable giving and underreport sexual behaviors.
Name the three factors that go into calculating statistical power?
What is...sample size, effect size, and alpha level.
For the APIM model analysis, researchers explored the relationship between therapist (X1) and client (X2) and how their anxiety levels (Y) were influenced over the course of a session. The results showed statistically significant actor effects and partner effects over the course of a session for both therapist and client. What do these results mean? What is the simple interpretation of the results?
What is that there was a significant relationship between therapist and their own anxiety and client and their own anxiety. Also, that each person was significantly associated with the other person's anxiety levels. We found statistically significant interaction between therapist and client.
Sample size impacts both effect size and statistical power.
True or False?
What is...True