Quantitative Methods

Quantitative Methods

100

What are three types of experiments?

True/lab, field, quasi, natural

200

What is the research method that involves an in-depth investigation of a small group, individual or organization that includes the use of multiple methods to gather and analyze data?

Case study

300

What is the general term for the method that investigates the effect of an IV on a DV.

Experiment / Experimental Method

400

True or false: fMRI and MRI are considered research methods in IB Psychology.

False. They are "techniques." DO NOT write about these in any question about research methods.

500

What is the name of the numerical measure of some type of correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables. 

Correlation coefficient. 

Technological Techniques

100

What are two technological techniques used to study the brain?

MRI and fMRI. (PET, EEG and CT are also acceptable).

200

What does an fMRI measure? What does an MRI measure?

MRIs measure brain structure (size, shape, damage, etc.) and fMRIs measure brain activity. 

300

What does MRI and fMRI stand for?

Magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

400

What are three experimental designs?

Independent samples, matched pairs, repeated measures

500

How can MRI be used to study localization of brain function?

The MRI identifies damage to the particular area of brain; behaviour can be observed and measured and any changes in behaviour can be attributed to loss of function in a particular part of the brain (therefore, that part of the brain can be concluded to play a role in the behaviour observed - like decision making, memory, fear, etc.)

Sampling Methods

100

What are three sampling methods?

Random, convenience, volunteer, purposive, snowball, etc.

200

What is the key difference between a volunteer sample and convenience or random sampling?

Volunteer sampling involves the participant approaching the researchers to ask to participate - the other two involve the researcher approaching participants.

300

What is the term used to describe the group of people for whom we want to generalize our results to? (Or whom we think we can generalize our results to?)

Target population

400

What is one strength and one limitation of random sampling?

Strength: increased chances of a representative sample

Limitation: can be difficult, time consuming and impractical

500

What is it called when we have a high probability that our sample accurately represents our target population?

Representative sampling

Ethical Considerations

100

What are three ethical considerations?

-Informed consent, right to withdraw, debriefing, anonymity, deception considerations, justification (for any possible negative effects), researcher integrity, approval by a review board

200

True or False? Participants should ALWAYS be given informed consent forms before participating in a study.

False. It might be impossible in field experiments, so where possible they should have debriefing and consent forms AFTER the study.

300

True or False: Psychologists are allowed to leave out data from studies if it contradicts their hypothesis.

False. All data should be included and fabricated or manipulating results is considered highly unethical since it stands in the way of discovering "truth."

400

True or False: Ethics in the options are completely different considerations to ethics in the core.

False - the same considerations apply in both options and the core, and where possible you should find overlaps.

500

What is one way you can "discuss" an ethical consideration?

a) by looking at how following a consideration could affect the validity of results, b) by offering justification for ignoring particular considerations in some contexts, 

Evaluating Studies

100

What is another term for external validity?

Generalizability

200

What is generalizability?

The extent to which we can apply our findings to other contexts (e.g. people, places, situations, etc.)

300

What are two types of validity that are relevant to assessing external validity?

Population validity and ecological validity.

400

What type of validity is focused on the extent to which the results of the study are because of the manipulation of the independent variable?

Internal validity

500

What is the tradeoff to consider when attempting to keep both internal and external validity high in a study?

That under normal circumstances they are negatively correlated.