Wynn (1992)
What age were the infants in Experiment 1?
Mean age of 5 months
What two variables did Clearfield and Mix (1999) vary in their study?
Contour Length and Number
How many trials were there total in this study? What was unique about the first trial?
4 total. Trial 1 was always a repetition of a habituation trial.
What does SA stand for in the Brez and Colombo (2012)?
Sustained Attention
What constituted a possible vs. impossible trial?
Possible trials showed a correct solution to the arithmetic equation acted out in the display case vs impossible trials showed an incorrect solution (ex. during the 1+1 trial, only 1 doll left in the case.)
What are 2 examples of continuous variables that correspond with numerical changes in past studies?
Name any 2: Brightness, physical mass, area, contour length
What primarily distinguishes this study from others in the field of infant number discrimination?
The use of physiological measures (heart rate in this case).
TRUE or FALSE: To record looking times, both Wynn (1992) and Clearfield and Mix (1999) used an observer that was blind to the experimental conditions.
TRUE!
What was the outcome of Experiment 3?
What were the ages of the infants in this study?
6-8 months
What does a categorization task show us?
Whether or not the participant is able to generalize beyond the specific stimuli/whether or not they are forming abstract understandings of the category.
Explain the difference between a behavioral and psychophysiological measure.
the first includes observations of human behavior/response to a stimulus, whereas psychophysiological measures include collecting measurements if body responses to gain insight to response.
Experiment 1 displayed correct or incorrect solutions that were the wrong answer in the wrong direction (ie subtracting 1 when the outcome should be greater).
Experiment 2 was replication of 1.
Experiment 3 displayed precise correct solutions or incorrect solutions that were in the correct direction (2 vs. 3 as answers to 1+1)
After habituating to either 2 or 3 squares, what were the two conditions that the infants were shown?
Condition 1: Number of squares remains the same, but the total contour length changes (adding or subtracting the perimeter of one square from total contour length)
Condition 2: Number of squares varies, but the contour length remains the same
True or False: There were significant main effects found for looking time in this study.
False. Only heart rate had a significant effect.
Name the total number of infants that participated in Clearfield and Mix's experiment.
16 infants
Why is it an issue that Wynn performed one-tailed t-tests on test trials in experiments 1 and 2?
When looking for statistical significance, it could have been possible that some infants looked longer at familiar trials/correct answers. Wynn should have performed a two-tailed t-test to avoid missing a possible effect in the other direction.
How do the findings from Clearfield and Mix (1999) contradict the findings of Wynn (1992)?
Wynn believes that infants prioritize numerical information over perceptual information, whereas Clearfield and Mix believe that infants may not even be able to separate numerical information from perceptual cues.
What were the 3 phases of attention called? And which one did they focus on for the results of this study?
Orienting (OR), Sustained Attention (SA), and Attention Termination (AT). They focused on Sustained Attention (SA).
Based on suggestions from the later articles, how would you adjust the Wynn (1992) procedure?
Control for continuous variables (varying physical matter/brightness, contour length, simplify the stimulus objects), add measure of heartrate, categorization task