Scientists
Who is Niels Bohr?
He proposed that electrons move in fixed energy levels around the nucleus.
What is the quantum model?
It treats electrons as waves in orbitals, defined by quantum numbers
What is 'n'?
It describes the size and energy of an orbital
What are orbitals?
a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found
What is an energy level diagram?
It maps the allowed energy states for electrons in an atom
Who is Erwin Schrödinger?
He created an equation that is used to predict the behaviour of systems that exhibit wave-particle duality
What is the Schrodinger wave equation?
The mathematical equation used to describe electron behaviour
What is 'l'?
It describes the shape of the orbital (subshell number)
What is a 'p' orbital?
A dumbbell shape with 3 orientations, each one holds up to 2 electrons
What is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴?
The electron configuration of oxygen
Who is Werner Heisenberg?
He proposed the Uncertainty Principle
What is the Uncertainty Principle?
It explains how it's impossible to predict the exact location of an electron
What is 'ml'?
It describes the orientation of the orbital
What is a 'd' orbital?
Shaped like a four-leaf clover. Each orbital holds 2 electrons so a full d subshell holds 10
What is the Aufbau principle?
The rule to start by filling the orbital with the lowest energy when adding electrons
Who is Louis de Broglie?
He suggested that electrons have wave-like particles
What is wave-particle duality?
This concept explains why electrons act as both particles and waves
What is 'ms'?
It describes the spin of the electron
What is an 's' orbital?
The orbital with a spherical shape that holds a maximum 2 electrons
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
Explains that 2 electrons must have opposite spins when occupying the same orbital
Who is Max Planck?
He discovered quantized energy by studying blackbody radiation
What is an electron probability cloud?
A region around the nucleus where there's a higher chance of finding an electron
What is l=3?
The maximum value for l when n=4
What letter does the subshell '2' correspond to?
It corresponds to the letter 'd'
What is Hund's rule?
Explains that every orbital must be occupied by one electron before any can gain 2