Nature of Science
What are the 2 (3 for extra points) types of variables discussed in class?
Independent, Dependent, Constant (Controlled)
What is the formula for density?
m/v
What are the 5 main spheres of the Earth?
Biosphere
Cryosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
Does air pressure increase or decrease with altitude?
It decreases.
Each group took a different rubber band and recorded how far it stretched as they added weights to it. Which group’s rubber band stretched the least as more weight was added?
Group1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 1
What is the definition of density?
Density is the amount of matter (mass) in a given space (volume)
A volcano erupts, releasing ash and gases. Nearby communities experience poor air quality, and rivers carry ash into lakes, affecting aquatic life. Which spheres are interacting, and what is one effect of this interaction?
1. Geosphere and biosphere; plants grow faster due to ash nutrients
2. Atmosphere and hydrosphere; water quality decreases due to ash contamination
3. Atmosphere and geosphere; ash contamination removes nutrients from the soil
4. Cryosphere and biosphere; glaciers melt and animals migrate
2.
What is the driving force behind the water cycle?
The heat energy from the sun
A large wildfire burns through a dry forest during the summer. Smoke and gases move through the air, rainfall carries ash into rivers and streams, and changes in environmental conditions affect some plants and animals.
Which statement best explains the interactions among Earth's spheres during this event?
1. Materials released by the wildfire affected the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere over time.
2. Materials released by the wildfire affected the atmosphere, while changes in the other spheres were limited.
3. Materials released by the wildfire affected the geosphere, while the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere remained unchanged.
4. Materials released by the wildfire affected the hydrosphere, while the atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere quickly returned to normal conditions.
1.
How many things can you change in a scientific investigation at a time?
1. If you change any more, there is more than 1 independent variable, making it impossible to measure the dependent variables.
What is the density of an object that has a mass of 90 g and a volume of 10ml?
9 g/ml
A lightning strike causes a wildfire in the Everglades, burning trees and affecting animals. Which change in Earth's system is most likely to occur after the wildfire?
1. More glaciers will form because of the displacement of the animals less sunlight reaches Earth's surface.
2. Ocean water levels will decrease because trees no longer absorb rainfall.
3. Less vegetation will be available to provide food and shelter for organisms.
4. New rivers will form because the burned trees release energy into the atmosphere.
3.
Some animals are more active during the day, but too much direct sunlight can harm their skin and eyes. These harmful rays come from the Sun and are known to cause damage if they aren’t filtered before reaching Earth’s surface. Which layer of the atmosphere helps protect animals and humans from these rays?
Stratosphere
A thunderstorm moves quickly through a neighborhood in Gainesville, bringing strong winds, lightning, heavy rain, and clouds. In which layer of the atmosphere did the storm take place?
Troposphere
Darren performed an experiment in which he measured the amount of force required to accelerate an object at a rate of 5 m/s². He repeated the experiment four more times and calculated the average force needed. Darren’s approach highlights the importance of both repetition and replication in scientific experiments. What is the difference between replication and repetition?
Replication is when you copy someone else's experiment step for step.
Repetition is when you do multiple trials of your own experiment.
A student measures the mass of an irregular rock. The student then places the rock in a graduated cylinder containing water. What is the density?
Mass of rock: 72 g
Initial water volume: 50 mL
Water volume with rock: 74 mL
3.0 g/cm^3
A volcanic eruption releases ash particles and gases into the atmosphere. The ash temporarily blocks sunlight, causing cooler temperatures in nearby regions. When volcanic materials settle on land and enter nearby rivers, they add minerals to the soil and water. Over time, plants begin growing in the nutrient-rich volcanic soil, and new animal communities develop in the area. Which statement best explains the interactions among Earth’s systems following the volcanic eruption?
1. Materials from the hydrosphere enter the geosphere and cause magma to rise into the atmosphere.
2. Materials from the atmosphere enter the geosphere and prevent changes in nearby water and organisms.
3. Changes in the geosphere affect the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere as volcanic materials alter air, water, soil, and habitats.
4. Changes in the biosphere produce materials that alter the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere, as plants grow in the nutrient-rich soil.
3.
Thermosphere and Stratosphere
How do you solve for density when you are given two different volumes and the mass?
You subtract the first volume from the second volume and then use mass/volume to solve.
Three students are testing whether fertilizer helps tomato plants grow taller.
Which student(s) investigations are most likely to provide evidence about the effect of fertilizer
A. Only one thing, the amount of fertilizer, is changed.
What is the density of the following liquid. The mass of the empty container is 20g.
1: Volume: 10 ml. Mass of Container and Liquid: 28g
2: Volume: 20 ml. Mass of Container and Liquid: 36g
3: Volume: 30 ml. Mass of Container and Liquid: 44g
4: Volume: 40 ml. Mass of Container and Liquid: 52g
.8 , .9 , 1.0 , 1.1
A large section of tropical rainforest is cleared for agriculture. The removal of trees reduces the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Increased carbon dioxide levels contribute to warming temperatures. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns affect soil conditions, river systems, and the organisms that depend on the forest ecosystem. Which statement best explains the interaction among Earth’s systems caused by deforestation?
1. A change in the biosphere alters atmospheric carbon dioxide, which leads to changes in water systems, soil conditions, and ecosystems.
2. A change in the biosphere lowers atmospheric carbon dioxide, which leads to increases in rainfall and reduces changes to soil conditions.
3. A change in the hydrosphere removes forest vegetation, which prevents atmospheric changes and increases soil stability.
4. A change in the geosphere increases forest vegetation, which raises carbon dioxide and decreases water movement.
1. The carbon dioxide is altered, and is RAISED. Then, this increase in temperature causes the weather patterns to change (water systems), impacting the soil and life.
A hurricane gains strength as it moves across warm ocean water. Which statement best explains the role of the water cycle in fueling the storm?
1. Warm water evaporates, adding energy and moisture to the atmosphere.
2. Warm water condenses on the ocean surface, removing heat from the atmosphere.
3. Runoff from rivers carries water vapor into the hurricane’s center.
4. High air pressure pushes dry air into the storm, making it stronger.
2
The results of an experiment provide evidence that an existing theory may be incorrect. How should scientists respond to this evidence?
1. Modify the original theory based on new evidence.
2. Disregard the new evidence and keep the original hypothesis.
3. Collect different opinions on whether to accept the new evidence.
4. Design a new experiment that will prove the hypothesis to be true.
1.