The Ancien Regime & French Monarchy
Describe the top 2 Estates: kinds of people, taxation, attitude toward Enlightenment
1st: Roman Catholic Clergy
2nd: Wealthy Nobility
Both: low taxes, Anti-Enlightenment
What were the 5 Great Powers at the Congress of Vienna?
Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia
Which country was the first to industrialize? What industry was the first to mechanize?
The United Kingdom (Great Britain); textiles
What did Adam Smith dislike the most, and why?
Mercantilism, because it created tariffs and monopolies that charged high prices and didn't supply enough goods, which was bad for everyone.
Describe the French Revolution of 1848: who took power? How successful were they? What happened next?
Radicals took power; very unsuccessful, fought in the streets; French elected Napoleon III as President, then Emperor, which actually worked out pretty well this time, lolz
Describe Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette as leaders
Louis: meant well, but incompetent; refused to make tough decisions until it was too late
Marie-Antoinette: gave bad advice; spent way too much money
What were 3 main goals of the Congress of Vienna? (DAILY DOUBLE: NAME 5!)
Legitimacy (restore monarchs); contain France; balance of power; peace and stability; no more revolutions
Describe 3 advantages Great Britain had in early industrialization (DAILY DOUBLE! DESCRIBE 6!)
Lots of harbors and rivers for transportation; lots of coal and iron for raw materials; stable government and advanced financial system
What is Adam Smith's attitude toward taxation?
It should be fair: people pay a proportion of the money they make to the government on a regular schedule
Describe how Otto von Bismarck treated Prussia's parliament, constitution, and military
OvB ignored parliament and the constitution. He was appointed by the King and focused on military power
Describe 3 major French economic problems during the Ancien Regime (DAILY DOUBLE! DESCRIBE 6!)
Low taxes on the wealthy, high taxes on businesses, high taxes on the 3rd estate, gov't spent too much, bad weather & harvests, Mercantilism
How did the Congress of Vienna contain France? (DAILY DOUBLE! Name 3 countries!)
By strengthening the countries around France: the Netherlands to the north, Austria/German Confederation to the east, and Sardinia to the south
Complete this sentence: "At first, industrialization's impact on workers was (?) because (?, ?, ?)."
At first, industrialization's impact on workers was negative, because factory conditions were terrible, work was difficult and long, and workers' neighborhoods were slums.
Describe the law of supply and demand, and why Adam Smith likes it
If there's more demand than supply, prices go up. If there's more supply than demand, prices go down. This is good because it encourages "natural prices" where producers get paid enough to produce, and consumers get the lowest sustainable price.
Describe Otto von Bismarck's foreign relations with Austria and France
Relationship with Austria: first worked with them, then betrayed them to become leader of Germany
Relationship with France: tricked Napoleon III into war, united Germany against France, humiliated France
Describe the 3rd Estate: kinds of people, share of population, taxation, Enlightenment attitude
-Middle class, farmers, & poor workers; 97% pop.
-high taxes, Pro-Enlightenment
Was the C.O.V. harsh to France? Why or why not?
No, because they wanted balance of power and didn't want France to start another revolution nor seek revenge
Complete this sentence: "Later on, industrialization's impact on workers was (?), because (?, ?, ?)."
Later on, industrialization's impact on workers was positive, because wages increased, working conditions improved, and slums were redeveloped.
What is the "Invisible Hand?" Why is it a good thing?
Self-interest; it encourages people in a free market economy to make decisions that are good for themselves and also have positive benefits to society
Describe Italian unification: which kingdom united Italy? Who was Cavour? Who was Garibaldi?
Describe King Louis-Philippe: when did he take power? What kind of monarch was he? How successful was he?
1830; liberal constitutional monarch; successfully ruled for 18 years
Describe the Post-Napoleonic Era in Latin America
Brazil, Haiti, Mexico = Liberal Creoles win independence against European aristocrats
What was the enclosure movement? What effect did it have on agriculture? (DAILY DOUBLE! What effect did it have on INDUSTRIALIZATION?!)
Wealthy landowners bought up small farms and turned them into big farming estates. This increased agricultural productivity. (DD: It also forced small farmers to move to the cities and look for jobs, increasing the supply of labor for industrialization).
What were 3 elements of the Socialist reform agenda in the 19th Century?
-The government should plan the economy;
-The government should control factories, railroads, mines, etc.
-The government should work toward equality
Describe the 3 different approaches to Nationalism taken by the empires of Austria, the Ottomans, and Russia. Were they successful?
Austria: tried including Hungary in power
Ottomans: tried massacring and deporting rebellious ethnic groups (e.g. Armenian Genocide)
Russians: tried "Russification," or forced assimilation
Successful? NO, NO, NO