Earth's Structure/Interior
The earth can be divided into which four main spheres?
What are the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere?
Idea that Earth’s continents move across its surface.
What is continental drift?
a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
What is stress?
Area around the pacific plate where most volcanoes are located
What is the ring of fire?
A series of process that changes rocks from one kind to another.
The rock cycle!
What is a piece of direct and indirect evidence geologists use to study earth's interior?
What are rock samples (direct) and seismic waves (indirect)?
The single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago. (This is where all the continents came from)
What is pangea?
1. force that pulls on the crust and makes the middle rock thin.
2. force that squeezes rocks together until it folds or breaks.
3. force that pushes rock in 2 opposite directions.
What is 1. tension 2. compression, and 3. shearing?
Difference between magma and lava
Magma: Molten rock inside a volcano.
Lava: Molten rock outside
A material made from pieces of sand, silt, or other small pieces of rock.
sediment
Earth's middle, most thick layer.
What is the mantle?
What two pieces of evidence did Alfred Wegener propose for continental drift?
What are fossils and changes in climate?
What are the 3 types of faults?
What are 1. normal, 2. reverse, and 3. strike-slip?
Describe the 3 ways a volcano can form
1. Diverging plate boundaries (mid ocean ridges)
2. Converging plate boundaries (subduction)
3. Hotspots: An area where material from the mantle rises through the crust and melts to form magma.
Describe the 2 types of igneous rock
Extrusive: Rock that forms when lava exits a volcano and cools.
Intrusive: Rock that forms when magma cools inside a volcano.
What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
Asthenosphere: middle layer of the mantle made of hot but soft rock. The lithosphere moves over the asthenosphere.
What are three pieces of evidence for seafloor spreading?
What are rock evidence, magnetic stripes, and drilling samples?
The area beneath Earth’s surface where rock (that was under stress) begins to break and move.
What is the focus?
Describe the three parts of a volcano.
Magma chamber: A large pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects.
Pipe: A long tube where magma
moves from the magma chamber to the surface.
Vent: The central opening where molten rock and gas leave a volcano.
5 mineral characteristics
color, streak, luster, hardness, and breakage.
What is a convection current? Describe how they work in earth's interior.
The flow of transferred heat within a fluid.
Cooler, denser materials sink while hotter, less dense materials rise.
Gravity and the changes in the temperature and density of a fluid combine to create convection currents. The heat comes from the core and mantle.
What are the three plate boundary types, how do they move, and what geologic activity can occur at each?
1. Convergent, divergent, and transform
2. move towards one another, move away, slide past
3. mountains/volcanoes, rift valleys/volcanoes, earthquakes
What is the difference between a seismogram and a seismograph?
Seismograph: An instrument that records and measures an earthquakes seismic waves.
Seismogram: a pattern of lines recorded from an earthquake's seismic waves.
Geologists use these three terms to describe a volcanoes activity.
active, dormant, or extinct
5 factors that make a mineral
1.Occurs naturally
2.Has a crystal structure
3.Is a solid
4.Forms from inorganic (non-living) materials
Has a chemical composition.