Describe what the term Direct Instruction with a capital D and I refers to in regard to curriculum and implementation.
Direct Instruction with the a capital D and a capital I refers to instructional programs authored by Engelmann and his colleagues and primarily published by SRA). The term Direct Instruction also refers to the school-wide implementation model that Engelmann has developed and refined over the past decades to foster successful implementation of the instructional materials he created. The Direct Instruction Model includes professional development (both in-service and in-class coaching), grouping and scheduling guidelines, assessment (including screening and progress monitoring), systems to make adjustments when progress is not at desired levels, motivational procedures, and leadership elements for principals and district leaders.
100
What is the alphabetic principle?
The alphabetic principle refers to the understanding that written letters correspond to spoken sounds and that the correspondences are systematic and predictable.
100
What are graphemes and phonemes?
Graphemes are the letters of written language. Phonemes are the individual sounds of spoken language.
100
What is the most common sound of a letter?
The most common sound of a letter is the sound that a letter most usually represents when it appears in a short, one-syllable word.
100
Classify each word as cvc, cvcc, ccvc, ccvcc.
1. bled 2. sad 3. tramp 4. last
bled (ccvc)
2. sad (cvc)
3. tramp (ccvcc)
4. last (cvcc)
200
Describe what the term direct instruction with a lower case d and i refers to..
The term direct instruction, with lower-case initial letters, is used to refer to general teaching techniques that have been associated with teaching that have produced gains in learning for at-risk students.
200
What happens during the pre-reading stage?
The pre-reading stage can be characterized as the time before children begin school, when they learn to understand and use spoken language and develop a beginning understanding of the sound structure of words.
200
What does phonics instruction teach?
Phonics instruction teaches the relationships between the letters of written language (graphemes) and the individual sounds of spoken language (phonemes). It also teaches how these relationships are used to read and write words.
200
What is a continuous sound? A stop sound?
A continuous sound is a sound that can be said for several seconds without distorting the sound. A stop sound can be said for only an instant.
200
Which of these sounds are continuous or stop sounds?
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
c s s s c c s s c s s c c c c s s
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
c c s c c c s c c
q r s t u v w x y z
300
What is the National Reading Panel? Tell what its conclusions were based on.
The NRP was convened in 1997 in response to a congressional directive to review the scientific literature and determine the most effective ways to teach children to read. The panel identified approximately 100,000 studies. From those studies, they selected for further review the experimental and quasi-experimental studies that met rigorous scientific standards. The panel's conclusions were based on the evidence from those scientific studies.
300
What do the authors refer to as the beginning reading stage?
The beginning reading stage refers to the period when students are learning the first several hundred words presented in the classroom reading program.
300
What is the difference between the early part of the beginning reading stage and the later part of the beginning reading stage?
During the early part of the beginning stage, children learn the relationships between individual letters and the sounds the letters represent and learn how to use this information to accurately read individual words and then words in text.
The latter part of the beginning reading stage refers to the time when phonics instruction expands from a focus on individual letters that make up a word to groups of letters.
300
What is the difference between regular words and irregular words?
A regular word is any word in which each letter represents its respective, most common sound. For example, the words am, cat, mud, best, and flag are regular words because each letter represents its most common sound.
During the beginning reading stage, any word in which one or more letters does not represent its most common sound will be considered an irregular word. The word was is irregular because the letters a and s do not represent their most common sounds.
300
Identifying words students will not be able to decode is an important teaching skill. Assume that students know the most common sound of all individual letters. Circle any single letter the student will not be able to decode, which means the word itself is probably not decodable. For example, the letter g in gin would be circled since g is not representing its most common sound.
cent tab put
must cut fat
cab gin send
pin rust son
was ten con
gas some hat
wish fast mind
tent bent dent
cent tab put
must cut fat
cab gin send
pin rust son
was ten con
gas some hat
wish fast mind
tent bent dent
400
What are the five essential components of effective reading instruction as identified by the NRP?
Phonological awareness is the broader category which includes awareness of the larger parts of spoken language (i.e., words, syllables, onsets and rimes) as well as awareness of the smaller parts of spoken language (i.e., phonemes). It also encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound such as rhyming, alliteration, and intonation.
400
What is a consonant blend?
A consonant blend occurs when 2 or 3 consonants appear consecutively in a word and each consonant represents its most common sound.
400
For each pair below write A if the pair is auditorily similar.
Write V if the pairs are visually similar. Write A and V if they are both.
b, d f, v c, g h, n b, p m,n i, e
b, d f, v c, g h, n b, p m,n i, e
AV A A V AV AV A
500
When is instruction explicit?
Instruction is explicit when the teacher clearly models or demonstrates (and, if needed, explains) what she wants students to learn. The teacher focuses precisely on what she wants students to learn. The teacher clearly reveals the concepts and rules she is presenting through modeling and running commentary to students.
500
What is letter - sound correspondence taught?
To prepare students for sounding out words. When students sound out words, they must
produce the sound represented by each letter in the word, blend the sounds, and then
identify the word.
500
What is alphabetic understanding?
Alphabetic understanding refers to understanding that letters represent sounds and that whole words embody a sound structure of individual sounds and patterns of groups of sounds.
500
What are the two reasons for teaching rhyming?
Rhyming is an important phonological awareness skill because it (1) prepares students to see the relationship between letter clusters that represent the same sounds in different words, such as fan, pan, tan, and man, and (2) prepares students for sounding out words that begin with stop sounds.
500
Why would students be taught to read words like mad, fit, and sat before words like
tip, cat, and hot?
Because decoding words beginning with continuous sounds (mad, fit, sat) can be easier
than decoding words beginning with stop sounds (tip, cat, and hot).