All about sound
Waves and wave analysis
Digging deeper
Speech as air and vibration
Speech & the brain
100
A disturbance in a medium that produces a wave that travels through space.
What is sound?
100
A sine wave is an example of this.
What is a simple periodic wave? Define and provide examples.
100
In this type of wave, particles vibrate alternately in the same or opposite direction of propagation (away from/ back toward the source).
What is a longitudinal wave? Provide an example.
100
The idea that the vibrating vocal folds serve one function, and the vocal tract serves another.
What is source-filter theory? Explain more precisely the role of the vocal tract.
100
These are the lobes of the cerebrum.
What are frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital?
200
These two, basic things are necessary for sound to occur.
What are a vibrating source (that creates a disturbance) and a medium to transmit the disturbance?
200
Most natural sounds, including speech, are of this type.
What are complex waves? Define and provide examples.
200
In this type of wave, particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
What is a transverse wave? Provide an example.
200
These are the cartilages of the larynx.
What are the cricoid, thyroid, arytenoid, cuneiform, and epiglottis?
200
This major brain structure controls vital functions.
What is the brainstem?
300
Used to describe a sound wave, this pendular movement describes a pattern of displacement, restoring force, and inertia, over and over again.
What is simple harmonic motion?
300
This type of "image of sound" shows time on the x-axis and amplitude on the y-axis.
What is a waveform? Which key element is missing in this type of graph?
300
The lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound, which is also the frequency at which the whole wave repeats.
What is the fundamental frequency? The other components of a complex sound are called... ?
300
This theory, in part, explains vocal fold vibration.
What is the Bernoulli Effect? Explain it.
300
A disorder of language occurring as a result of a brain injury.
What is aphasia? Give some examples.
400
These are the key acoustic components of sound.
What are frequency and amplitude. Define each.
400
This type of "image of sound" displays frequency on the x-axis and amplitude on the y-axis.
What is a line spectrum.
400
States that any complex periodic sound can be broken down into a combination of simple periodic sounds: harmonics, which are multiples of F0.
What is Fourier's Theorem? In this case, the F0 can be calculated as the... ?
400
The idea that volume and pressure are inversely related.
What is Boyle's law? How does this explain respiration?
400
A motor speech disorder occurring as a result of damage to either the central or peripheral nervous system.
What is dysarthria? Give some examples.
500
When two waves are in phase, this is what happens.
What is constructive interference (results in greater amplitude). What happens when two waves are out of phase?
500
Often used to visualize speech sounds, this "image of sound" includes information about time, frequency, and amplitude.
What is a spectrogram?
500
A logarithmic scale based on exponents of 10, this measures the relative intensity between two sounds.
What is the Decibel? Provide some examples of dB of common sounds.
500
Cycles per minute, volume of air moved, and pressure are all different during these two types of respiration.
What are quiet tidal respiration vs. speech breathing? Explain the differences.
500
These are some cortical areas associated with language and speech functions.
What are Broca's area, Wernicke's area, the primary motor cortex (motor strip), sensory strip, the primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus), the angular gyrus, and the supramarginal gyrus? What functions are associated with each of these areas?
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