Federalism Pt.2
Grants in aid
money given by central or state govt to lower level govt to fun ongoing projects or operations
Amendments 1-5
Personal freedoms, keep & bear arms, no soldier in house w/o owner consent, protect from unreasonable searches/seizures, rights when accused of a crime
Purpose of the Constitutional Convention
Creation of the United States Constitution
Why states rely on federal funding
local tax revenues can't cover high costs of public programs
Purpose of the Bill of Rights
Protect individual rights and place limits of government
Steps of changing the Constitution
step 1: congressional vote or national convention
step 2: ratified by state legislators or state conventions
Virginia Plan
Proposal of government with 3 distinct branches (legislative, judicial, executive) & representation based on population (1787)
What the Articles provided (vs the Constitution)
- one house (Congress)
- could not tax or regulate commerce
- required permission from all 13 colonies for any change
Categorical grants vs block grants
money given by the federal government to state and local governments that must be spent on very specific, narrowly defined purposes
money given by a larger govt to local or state govt for general purposes
Individual rights
- freedom of speech, religion,
- right to privacy
- fair treatment in the judicial system
Informal constitutional change
Meaning changes without altering the words on the constitution
New Jersey Plan
Proposal to protect the equal power and representation of smaller states (1787)
What The Constitution provided (vs the Articles)
- power to tax & regulate commerce
- federal govt has the power to coin money
- required permission from 2/3 of Congress & 3/4 of the states
Funded vs unfunded mandates
funded: requirement by higher level of govt with money provided for it
unfunded: requires action with no money given
Limits placed on government
separation of powers, checks & balances, enumerated powers, rule of law
Formal Amendment
A change/addition to the U.S Constitution
Federalists supported the ratification of the U.S Constitution & strong national Govt/Anti-Federalists opposed it
How the Constitution strengthened federal power
- enforced national laws
- tax citizens
- regulate commece
- creation of the executive branch
Fiscal federalism
Divides the powers of taxing and spending among national, state, and local govts
Amendments 6-10
accused enjoy right to speedy & public trial right to jury trial that exceed $20 bans excessive punishments/bail/fines keep rights not listed in constitution any powers not given to fed govt by const. nor kept from states belong to states or the people
Why the Amendment Process is difficult
To ensure political stability
Roger Sherman's role in the Great Compromise
Proposed it to figure out how states are represented in Congress (1787)
Why the Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation
The Articles created a weak federal govt with many limitations