Cell Division
In dividing cells
Chromosomes are in the process of replicating themselves at origins of replication.
Chromosomes are in their highest state of packaging and compaction.
Chromosomes are in euchromatin form.
Chromosomal genes have shorter introns and inter-gene regions.
All of the above.
In dividing cells
Chromosomes are in the process of replicating themselves at origins of replication.
Chromosomes are in their highest state of packaging and compaction.
Chromosomes are in euchromatin form.
Chromosomal genes have shorter introns and inter-gene regions.
All of the above.
A protein domain
includes unstructured regions of a protein.
directs interactions with other proteins but not enzymatic function of the protein
is a region of protein that aids in its own folding and is then removed
is a discrete folded region that directs the specific function(s) of a protein
A protein domain
includes unstructured regions of a protein.
directs interactions with other proteins but not enzymatic function of the protein
is a region of protein that aids in its own folding and is then removed
is a discrete folded region that directs the specific function(s) of a protein
Ubiquitylation is
covalent linkage of non-protein groups to a protein and helps the protein structure.
occurs only at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues
can lead to addition of one, or multiple, or hundreds of ubiquitin proteins to other proteins.
not a mechanism for marking proteins.
Ubiquitylation is
covalent linkage of non-protein groups to a protein and helps the protein structure.
occurs only at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues
can lead to addition of one, or multiple, or hundreds of ubiquitin proteins to other proteins.
not a mechanism for marking proteins.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a tetramer that reaches quaternary structure and is stabilized by both intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds as well as other non-covalent interactions.
True
False
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a tetramer that reaches quaternary structure and is stabilized by both intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds as well as other non-covalent interactions.
True
False
What are the bonds involved in the double-stranded DNA molecule in the nucleus of cells.
3 hydrogen bonds between every C-G nucleotide pair on two antiparallel DNA strands.
2 hydrogen bonds between every A-T nucleotide pair on two antiparallel DNA strands.
Electrostatic/polar interactions between backbone phosphates and water
Phosphodiester covalent bonds between deoxyribose & phosphate of the same DNA strand.
All of the above.
What are the bonds involved in the double-stranded DNA molecule in the nucleus of cells.
3 hydrogen bonds between every C-G nucleotide pair on two antiparallel DNA strands.
2 hydrogen bonds between every A-T nucleotide pair on two antiparallel DNA strands.
Electrostatic/polar interactions between backbone phosphates and water
Phosphodiester covalent bonds between deoxyribose & phosphate of the same DNA strand.
All of the above.
Molecular chaperones are proteins that play a role
in denaturation of folded proteins.
in the proper folding of other proteins.
in the formation of peptide bonds during condensation reaction.
in lowering Activation Energy.
Molecular chaperones are proteins that play a role
in denaturation of folded proteins.
in the proper folding of other proteins.
in the formation of peptide bonds during condensation reaction.
in lowering Activation Energy.
Chromosomes include euchromatin as well as heterochromatin regions in non-dividing cells (also referred to as interphase or non-mitotic cells). Why not just keep the chromosomes tightly packaged as entirely heterochromatin all the time?
Because heterochromatin can't fit inside the nucleus, but euchromatin can.
Because heterochromatin is too tightly packaged to be accessible to enzymes and proteins for replication or transcription.
Because euchromatin includes introns, but heterochromatin does not.
Because only euchromatin can fit into nucleolus.
Chromosomes include euchromatin as well as heterochromatin regions in non-dividing cells (also referred to as interphase or non-mitotic cells). Why not just keep the chromosomes tightly packaged as entirely heterochromatin all the time?
Because heterochromatin can't fit inside the nucleus, but euchromatin can.
Because heterochromatin is too tightly packaged to be accessible to enzymes and proteins for replication or transcription.
Because euchromatin includes introns, but heterochromatin does not.
Because only euchromatin can fit into nucleolus.
A common strategy of enzyme action is to bind its substrate such that an existing covalent bond within the substrate is strained and breaks at a faster rate.
True
False
A common strategy of enzyme action is to bind its substrate such that an existing covalent bond within the substrate is strained and breaks at a faster rate.
True
False
What are the minimum chromosomal features needed for a single eukaryotic chromosome to maintain itself, replicate itself, and be properly separated into daughter cells.
Multiple nucleosomes, one telomere, two centromeres.
Two Telomeres, repetitive DNA elements, one replication origin.
Two telomeres, Multiple replication origins, one centromere.
Multiple Regulatory DNA sequences, Multiple exons, Multiple introns.
What are the minimum chromosomal features needed for a single eukaryotic chromosome to maintain itself, replicate itself, and be properly separated into daughter cells.
Multiple nucleosomes, one telomere, two centromeres.
Two Telomeres, repetitive DNA elements, one replication origin.
Two telomeres, Multiple replication origins, one centromere.
Multiple Regulatory DNA sequences, Multiple exons, Multiple introns.
What is a possible explanation(s) for when a gene identified by human genome sequencing does not have a corresponding protein identified.
It may encode a functional/non-coding RNA
Its encoded protein may be constantly ubiquitylated and degraded after synthesis, and can't be detected
It may encode a protein that is made (expressed) only in specific specialized cells or at specific times that researchers have not explored yet.
All of the above
What is a possible explanation(s) for when a gene identified by human genome sequencing does not have a corresponding protein identified.
It may encode a functional/non-coding RNA
Its encoded protein may be constantly ubiquitylated and degraded after synthesis, and can't be detected
It may encode a protein that is made (expressed) only in specific specialized cells or at specific times that researchers have not explored yet.
All of the above
Like proteins, nucleic acids achieve three dimensional structures that direct their interactions and functions.
True
False
Like proteins, nucleic acids achieve three dimensional structures that direct their interactions and functions.
True
False
You generate a fluorescent tag (called a probe) to one exon of Gene A. You separate DNA and mature mRNA of the cell and fix them onto separate glass slides. When you add the fluorescent probe to the DNA sample, you get a fluorescent signal. When you add the same probe to the mRNA sample you get no fluorescence. How can you BEST interpret this result?
Hypothesize that your probe is not complementary to the intended gene and is not a proper probe/tag.
Hypothesize that gene A encodes a functional/non-coding RNA.
Hypothesize that gene A is not present in your DNA sample.
Hypothesize that gene A is not transcribed into RNA in your cell sample.
You generate a fluorescent tag (called a probe) to one exon of Gene A. You separate DNA and mature mRNA of the cell and fix them onto separate glass slides. When you add the fluorescent probe to the DNA sample, you get a fluorescent signal. When you add the same probe to the mRNA sample you get no fluorescence. How can you BEST interpret this result?
Hypothesize that your probe is not complementary to the intended gene and is not a proper probe/tag.
Hypothesize that gene A encodes a functional/non-coding RNA.
Hypothesize that gene A is not present in your DNA sample.
Hypothesize that gene A is not transcribed into RNA in your cell sample.
Kinases and phosphatases add and remove phosphates, respectively, to regulate protein folding and, hence, protein function.
True
False
Kinases and phosphatases add and remove phosphates, respectively, to regulate protein folding and, hence, protein function.
True
False
Pro-insulin
Is a chaperone protein
Is smaller than mature insulin
Has an internal region that is not present in insulin
Does not contain disulfide bonds
Pro-insulin
Is a chaperone protein
Is smaller than mature insulin
Has an internal region that is not present in insulin
Does not contain disulfide bonds
Macromolecules can be fractionated (separated) and purified from cells after lysing (breaking open) the cells.
True
False
Macromolecules can be fractionated (separated) and purified from cells after lysing (breaking open) the cells.
True
False