Introducing the Theory-Data Cycle
The introduction section of an APA-formatted paper includes what steps of the Theory-Data cycle (Hint: There is a total of three steps)?
What is Theory, Research Question(s), and Hypotheses?
This type of citation places the author's name within the sentence itself, followed by the publication year in parentheses.
What is a narrative citation?
This variable is manipulated by the researcher to examine its effect on another variable.
What is an Independent Variable?
This research design involves manipulating an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable.
What is an Experimental Design?
This step of the Theory-Data cycle is when researchers summarize existing empirical research for a given phenomenon.
What is Theory?
This type of citation includes the author's last name and publication year together in parentheses at the end of a sentence.
What in in-text citation?
This variable is measured to determine whether it changes in response to the independent variable.
What is a dependent variable?
Researchers measure two variables to determine whether they are related but do not manipulate either variable. This broad research design is called this.
What is a Correlational Design?
During this step of the Theory-Data cycle, researchers use previous findings and theory to develop a specific question based on the phenomenon before collecting data?
What is Research Question?
"Veterans with higher resilience were observed to report lower alcohol misuse (Young, 2026)." This is an example of what citation?
What is an in-text parenthetical citation?
Researchers classify variables into these two broad categories based on whether they represent groups or measurable amounts.
What are Categorical and Quantitative Variables?
Dr. Flower conducted a study on whether eating breakfast was related to energy. In her study, she randomly assigned participants to either eat breakfast or not eat breakfast. She then assessed participants' energy levels. What is considered the measured variable?
What is energy?
The final paragraphs of an APA Introduction include these, which guide the study and connect directly to the study's research questions.
What is Hypotheses?
"Smith (2020) found that stress influences memory performance." This is an example of what citation?
What is a Narrative Citation?
What is a Categorical Variable?
Dr. Hart conducted a study on whether outdoor exposure was related to happiness. In his study, he assigned participants to either spend 30 minutes outside every day for a week or spend 30 minutes using a VR headset that depicted an outdoor environment. He then measured participants' perceived happiness. ______________ is the independent variable because it was ______________.
What steps of the Theory-Data cycle do NOT make up the Introduction section of an APA paper?
What is Research Design, Data, and Support/Revision?
When writing an APA paper, when do you provide a citation?
What is any time when you refer to anyone's work, that is not your own?
An individual's IQ would be considered this type of variable
What is a Quantitative Variable?
What is make claims about causality?