Plant Structure
Characteristics separating plants from charophytes include?
•Alternation of generations
•Walled spores produced in sporangia
•Multicellular gametangia (produce gametes)
•Multicellular, dependent embryos
•Apical meristems
What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Angiosperms: seeds developed in ovaries and have something that surrounds them. (protection)
Gymnosperms: seeds that don't have protection (“naked”).
Define ecosystem services.
Ecosystem services are all the ways in which ecosystems help humans.
Celery strings are an example of this cell type.
Collenchyma.
What is commensalism?
When one animal benefits and the other one is unaffected or gets less out of the relationship.
What is the dominant stage in bryophytes?
Gametophyte. Sporophyte only not dominant in this group.
Primary vs Secondary growth.
Primary growth arises from the apical meristems and produces parts of the root and shoot systems.
Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants.
Name the four major threats to species loss.
Habitat loss. (#1 Biggest category)
Introduced species.
Overharvesting.
Global change.
These cells are dead at functional maturity.
Sclerenchyma cells.
Species can coexist (avoid competition) by?
Resource partitioning.
Monocots have ____ cotyledon and have ______ veins.
One, parallel.
What is lost and what is recycled in ecosystem?
Lost energy through heat and matter is what is recycled throughout an ecosystem and even between different ecosystems.
Define what a extinction vortex is.
Small population ---> Inbreeding/genetic drift ----> loss of genetic variability ----> Lower individual fitness and population adaptability -----> Lower reproduction and higher mortality ----> An even smaller population.
Three types of tissues in plants? Functions?
Dermal- Outer protective layer.
Ground- Metabolic functions. Storage.
Vascular-Transport of sugars and water.
Mullerian mimicry is?
A form of biological resemblance in which two or more unrelated noxious, or dangerous, organisms exhibit closely similar warning systems.
What is a characteristic of angiosperms that gymnosperms DON'T have?
Flowers. Angiosperms are the only group that produce flowers.
Monocot vs Eudicot.
Monocot- One cotyledon and parallel veins.
Eudicot- Two cotyledons and netlike veins.
What causes HAB (Algal blooms)? Is this good or bad?
Which adaptations allows for transporting water in woody stems?
Vessel elements and tracheids.
What are keystone species?
A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Sieve-tube elements lack organelles, but each one has a _______ cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.
Companion cells.
How did sexual reproduction evolve to be more efficient in plants? Where did this transition happen?
Went from needing a film of water for sperm to travel to egg to using pollen grains to transport sperm to egg of another plant. This made sexual reproductive better than before because now plants are not dependent on water as much and can expand their range. See this transition in gymnosperms. Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants both require a film of water for the sperm to travel to the egg.
Why are invasive species harmful? Hint there are four. What makes it a good invader?
1. Cause economic damage.
2. Human health impacts. (Like allergies)
3. Reduced native diversity.
4. Alter ecosystem properties.
1. Good climate.
2. Invasive elsewhere.
3. Many propagules (seeds, eggs, individuals) arriving.
4. Multiple introductions.
5. Grow and reproduce often.
6. General habitat requirements.
What are characteristics of parenchyma cells?
Have thin and flexible primary walls.
Lack secondary walls.
Perform the most metabolic functions.
What are the three types of population patterns?
Clumped, uniform, random.