It's Giving Gradient
This process describes the natural movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is diffusion?
This descriptive phrase is used to explain how the cell membrane acts as a flexible, moving base with proteins embedded throughout.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Active transport requires the cell to spend energy in this specific molecular form.
What is ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)?
This dense internal region of the nucleus is where ribosomes are created.
What is the nucleolus?
Enzymes function as catalysts by lowering this specific barrier to speed up reactions.
What is activation energy?
This term describes a solution with an equal solute concentration compared to the inside of a cell.
What is isotonic?
These lipid molecules form the foundational bi-layer of the cell membrane, featuring hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What are phospholipids?
During primary active transport, the sodium-potassium pump moves 3 of these ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions it brings inside.
What are sodium ions?
This portion of the endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and is responsible for synthesizing lipid-based molecules and detoxifying drugs.
What is the Smooth ER?
This is the specific location on an enzyme where a substrate binds, fitting together perfectly like a "lock and key".
What is the active site?
These specific transport proteins physically move large, polar particles across the membrane, but they work much slower than channel proteins.
What are carrier proteins?
This molecule acts as a membrane stabilizer embedded within the phospholipid bi-layer
What is cholesterol?
This process, famously known as "cell eating," involves the cell taking in solid fragments like bacteria.
What is phagocytosis?
Proteins created in the rough ER travel in these transport vessels to reach the Golgi Apparatus.
What are vesicles?
These molecules act like weed killers by out-competing substrates to directly block the active site.
What are competitive inhibitors?
In osmosis, water will naturally flow from this type of solution into a hypertonic solution.
What is a hypotonic solution?
These types of proteins are embedded completely through the lipid bi-layer, unlike peripheral proteins which only sit on the surface.
What are integral proteins?
The combination of a concentration gradient and an electric potential difference across a membrane creates this specific type of gradient used to do work in secondary active transport.
What is an electrochemical gradient?
The Golgi Apparatus can add carbohydrate chains to folded polypeptides to create these completely functional hybrid molecules.
What are glycoproteins?
Cyanide acts as this specific type of inhibitor, deactivating an enzyme by binding to a secondary site rather than the active site.
What is an allosteric inhibitor?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a malfunction in this specific membrane transport protein, which normally helps regulate chloride ion concentration.
What is the CFTR protein?
Membrane proteins perform these four specific functions for the cell.
What are transport, enzymatic activity, triggering signals, and attachment/recognition?
This specific membrane-assisted transport process involves vesicles containing cell products fusing with the cell membrane to empty their contents into the extracellular fluid.
What is exocytosis?
These specific vesicles are packaged by the Golgi to stay inside the cell, containing digestive enzymes used to break down cellular macromolecules.
What are lysosomes?
In a biochemical pathway, this process occurs when the end product of the reaction inhibits the enzymes used earlier in the pathway in order to reduce the waste of cellular resources.
What is negative feedback?