Data Basics
What do we call a single piece of information, such as a number, word, or picture?
Data point
What term means making sure data is accurate, complete, and follows rules?
Data validation (or data checks)
What Excel feature automatically highlights cells based on rules (for example, make scores over 90 green)?
Conditional Formatting
What does it mean to transpose data in Excel?
To flip rows and columns so rows become columns and columns become rows
Which function shows only rows that meet a condition (for example, show items where quantity < 50)?
FILTER
What is the name for a group of related data points collected together?
Dataset
Which check looks for values that seem too high or too low (for example, 100 books read in one month)?
Accuracy
What Excel feature limits what a user can enter in a cell (for example, only whole numbers 1–100)?
Data Validation
If names are in a column and scores in the next column, after transposing, where will the names appear?
In a row across the top (names will appear across the row)
Which function looks up a value in one column and returns the matching value from another column (example: find "Apple" and return its price)?
XLOOKUP
Give one example of data that would be relevant when studying plant growth.
Examples: temperature; daily growth measurements; amount of water
Which check ensures there are no missing entries, like blank attendance days?
Completeness
Name two types of restrictions you can apply using Excel Data Validation.
Whole-number limits (e.g., between 1 and 100) and drop-down lists (also date restrictions)
Show (in words) the "Before" and "After" arrangement when you transpose a table with three names and three scores.
Before: Column A: Name — Mariam, Sara, Alya; Column B: Score — 85, 92, 78. After: Row 1: Name: Mariam, Sara, Alya. Row 2: Score: 85, 92, 78.
Which function would you use to keep only the rows where the number in column C is less than 50?
FILTER - example: =FILTER(A2:D7,C2:C7<50,"None")
Give one example of data that would be irrelevant when studying plant growth and explain why.
Example: pot color or pot size (if not part of the experiment) — because it does not affect growth for that study and could distract analysis
Which check makes sure data uses the same format throughout (example: "three books" vs "3 books")?
Consistency
List the steps to create a drop-down list in Excel (short answer: main steps).
Go to the Data tab → Click Data Validation → Under Allow choose List → Select or type the list range/values
Explain one reason why a teacher might transpose data before making a chart.
Some chart types or report layouts work better with categories across the top, so transposing makes the data easier to chart or read
Which function would you use to find "Apple" in column A and return the matching price from column B?
XLOOKUP — example: =XLOOKUP("Apple",A2:A7,B2:B7,"Not found")
Explain in one sentence why checking data relevance is important before analyzing results.
To avoid incorrect conclusions — irrelevant data can mislead analysis and waste time
You find a column where some dates are written as MM/DD/YYYY and others as DD/MM/YYYY. Which data validation check is this, and what is one action you could take to fix it?
This is a consistency problem; fix by standardizing the date format (for example convert all to MM/DD/YYYY) using Excel tools such as Text-to-Columns, DATEVALUE, or Data Validation with a Date rule
Describe one classroom scenario where Conditional Formatting AND Data Validation could be used together to help keep a grades sheet accurate.
Use Data Validation to restrict scores to 0–100 (prevents invalid entries) and Conditional Formatting to highlight scores below passing (e.g., under 60) so errors and low scores are easy to spot
If you want to switch names from a column to a row, what simple steps do you follow?
Copy the names → right-click the new cell → Paste Special → choose Transpose
Why use FILTER instead of sorting when you only want to see some rows?
FILTER shows only the rows you want without changing the order of the whole table