Immune System
Why is it important for elders to get vaccinated
Since they have fewer T cells bc their thymus shrinks as they age
concerns of skin as you age
graying hair, wrinkles, cancer
Osteoporosis in elders
65% of women over 65 have it, 25% of women die from a hip fracture in the first year, 80% have mobility issues
aging concerns in muscular system
loss of tone, coordination, decreased muscle cells and sarcopenia (exercise helps prevent this)
Why is sun exposure good
sun exposure can have mental health benefits and good for vitamin D
What are the lymphocytes three R's
recognize- foreign material (bacteria)
Respond- come up with a plan to attack
Remember- if bacteria ever comes back it knows to attack it and how (VERY IMPORTANT)
Functions of the skin: radiation protection
melanocytes/pigment cells: protects you from radiation
What is osteoporosis and how does gender have a play in it
Porus bone and bone brittleness, more common in women after menopause due to estrogen decreasing causes osteoblast function to also decrease. Men also have more dense and strong bones
parkinsons disease
dopamine production decreases which is needed to balance the acetylcholine and without it it causes tremors, stiffness, and slowness. coordination of muscles innervation decreases
Highlight key points in the article "Shedding light on skin color"
People with lighter skin tend to have babies with birth defects due to the too much sunlight.
People with dark skin have melanin that helps prevent skin cancer, but if they don’t get sunlight they can get a vitamin D deficiancy which helps with immunity and prevent tuberculosis.
Recommended vaccines for the elderly
Pneumovax- pneumonia
Influenza
herpes zoster- Shingles (big one)
covid
Ways to prevent skin cancer
avoid tanning booths/beds, sunscreen, shade, hats, sunglasses, clothing
functions of bone
framework, muscle attachment point, vital organ protection (skull, rib cage, spinal cord), stores minerals, and gives mobility so without it we would have no movement. BONE CELL FORMATION SITE=BONE MARROW (HAS STEM CELLS)
How aging affects smooth muscle as you age
diverticulitis- diverticulosis are pockets on the intestine that fill with waste, when they rupture its called diverticulitis. cause- not physically active, not enough fiber, and not enough fiber.
Hernia- generally in the abdomen and a painful bulge. cause- met good muscle tone
What is Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
chronic bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles with fluid accumulation, excess mucus, and muscle constriction
emphysema - a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. caused my smoking
What is COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A mix of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Lung cancer drives all of these
treatment for skin cancer
surgery, immunotherapy, cryosurgery, chemo, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy
Explain arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation of a joint and autoimmune disease, when T cells attack synovial fluid causing inflammation in synovial membrane. Genetic- most common in women. located in small joints- hands, feet, wrists, ankles, elbows
Smooth vs cardiac muscle
smooth muscle- Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body not striated, present in the digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and veins (esophagus, stomach, intestine, blood vessels)
cardiac muscle-Muscle of the heart, involuntary, has intercalated disks that acts as glue to hold the cardiac muscle cells together
What is synovial fluid and give an example on how it prevents other bone issues
joint-lubricating fluid to make sure joints do not run together.
What happens to the respiratory system as you age
Breathing capacity decreases, less exercise ability, less stamina, risk of infections, alveoli production stops.
skin cancer: how many people get diagnosed with skin cancer and who is more likely to get skin cancer
slow development and a 50% increase in risk of serious sunburn.
1 of 5 people- 450,000 diagnoses a year and is an increasing problem due to holes in ozone layer. it is preventable
people with fair skin tend to have a higher risk
osteoporosis surgery old vs new
old- hip replacement: severe arthritis, major surgery, recovery is long and hard. new- total hip replacement: 90-95% pain free for 10 years and 80% probability od lasting 20 years
age related changes in skeletal muscle
strength decreases, endurance decreases, coordination decreases, and reaction time increases which is bad because you have a delayed response in muscles. Exercise delays progression
Upper Vs lower respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract- Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Dirty-bacteria is in here
lower respiratory tract- Trachea (has cartilage so it wont collapse), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Clean-rare to find bacteria, you want this clean