Chapter 9
What is reduced in the reaction below?
pyruvate + NAD+ --> acetyl-coA + NADH + H+
NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons OR could tell by gain of H)
What are the three ways to make ATP? Give an example of where each can occur.
Substrate Level Phosphorylation (Glycolysis & Krebs)
Photophosphorylation (Light Reactions of Photosynthesis)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
Starting with one molecule of glucose, how many net ATP and NADH are used to produce 2 molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate?
*SHOW IMAGE*
Zero ATP (used two and produced two)
2 NADH
Which type of spectrum measures the rate of an action and does NOT measure direct absorption by a pigment?
Action Spectrum
What are the input and outputs for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Cellular Respiration:
Input: glucose and oxygen
Output: carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
Photosynthesis:
Input: light energy, water, carbon dioxide
Output: sugar, oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor for respiration?
OXYGEN
What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?
1: Carbon Fixation
2: Reduction
3: Regeneration of RuBP
What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?
Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide
Oxygen is reduced to water
What do the light reactions give to the Clavin Cycle?
ATP and NADH
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?
Glycolyis is... (TWO ANSWERS)
a. anabolic
b. catabolic
c. exergonic
d. endergonic
Catabolic and Exergonic
Why are C4 and CAM plants significant?
- tend to live in HOT, DRY conditions
- different way of photorespiration to adapt for hot environments
- CAM (open stomata at night to conserve water)
- C4 plants have alternative carbon fixation; uses mesophyll cells
What are the net ATP starting from one molecule of glucose to fumarate?
*SHOW IMAGE*
4 ATP
What does PSII and PSI primarily produce?
PSII - ATP
PSI - NADH
What drives ATP synthase?
Proton Gradient
- protons move across membrane from high to low concentration which provides the energy needed to make ATP
Does Respiration or Fermentation produce more ATP?
Respiration
What are heterotrophs?
they require an organic source of carbon "other-feeders"
ex. humans, animals, fungi
What two processes produce CO2 in cellular respiration?
Krebs Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation
How is absorbing light increase pigment energy?
light absorbed moves electron to higher-energy state, electron releases energy as it goes back down to ground state
Where is respiration located?
Mitochondria
Glycolysis - Cytosol
TCA - Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport - Inner membrane of Mitochondria (euk.) / Cell Membrane (prok.)
Anaerobic Respiration in humans, what process is used to make ATP? Is this more or less than aerobic?
Fermentation to produce lactic acid; less ATP produced
What is the main product from the Calvin Cycle? Light Dependent Reactions?
Calvin Cycle: Sugar via carbon fixation
Light Dependent Reactions: NADH and ATP (also Oxygen)
What is the total ATP production in respiration?
30-32 ATP
What is the initial electron donor for the light reactions?
H2O
Where is photosynthesis located?
Chloroplasts (euk.)
Whole Cell (prok.)
Light Reactions - Thylakoid Membrane
Calvin Cycle - Stroma