Cancer
Where is cancer in the leading causes of Death?
The second leading cause of death and soon-to-be expected to surpass CVD and become #1
What are the deadliest cancers
Lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate
Composition of the nervous system
Central nervous system- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerve
What is Alzheimers disease and how to decrease risk of Alzheimers
progressive decline, distinct stages, decrease in short term memory, decrease in spatial disorientation, decrease in emotional spontaneity (towards the end), lose higher order functions, confusion, seizures, and loss of speech. No truly effective drug
Exercise is very effective and also keeping up brain cognition
what is cataracts
when light hits the eyes it clouds vision due to light bouncing around and distorts vision, 90% of 70 yrs old get it, cloudy lens-compression and yellowing, symptoms- blurred, dimmed vision, but presbyopia (nearsighted) improves, treatment0 lens replacement but expensive, starting to see more cataract surgery gives different lens options
What causes cancer and is it fast or slow?
Mitosis= Cell division, cancer is caused when mitosis goes out of control during the mitosis process.
Cancer is a slow process that builds and starts with 6-7 mutations that build up.
Regulates cancer, slows down the process and puts break on cell division (these genes sees damaged DNA and stops it from spreading)
Direction information flows
Dendrites, cell body/soma, axon, myelin sheath, schwan cells, and synapse
What is presbyopia
Can't focus on things in front of them, common, due to loss of lens elasticity, can be corrected with bifocals or reading glasses, light hits behind the retina
why we need sleep and what happens when you don't sleep enough
essential for survival (Fatal insomnia- dies around 40 due to lack of sleep), helps nervous system work properly, lack of sleep has negative affect on the immune system, helps take out garbage out (not taking it out we assume helps progression of dementia)
memory issues (during sleep your brain helps form connections that helps process memory), trouble thinking and concentrating, weight gain- lack off sleep allows the chemical that signal the brain that you are off balance so you are more likely to eat more even when full, risk of heart disease- lack of sleep can lead to high blood pressure and increase of inflammation
Cancer terms: malignant and benign
malignant- Bad response (chance of cancer)
Benign- Good response (not cancerous)
proto-oncogenes- Everyone has them, they are the precursor to cancer genes, normal genes that encode proteins that control or regulate cell growth.
oncogenes- Start as proto-oncogenes and when they get damaged they turn into oncogenes, "cancer" gene, and mutated proto-oncogene.
What is FAST
Test to see if someone is experiencing a stroke
Face,arms,speech,time
Causes for blindness
cataracts=40%, glaucoma=15%, diabetic retinopathy (rupture of capillaries in the eye due to obesity)=7%, macular degeneration (not FDA regulated)
Eye components
cornea- Window of the eye
pupil- black circle that controls light
Lens- clear; focusing; used for light detection
iris- colored part of the eye; controls pupil size
vitreous humor- gel in eye; behind lens
Aqueous humor- nourishes cornea, lens (liquid)
Retina- converts light to chemical info
optic nerve- sends info to brain
scelera- white protective covering
Why is cancer based on bad luck?
Most cancer is due to bad luck due to random mutations arising during DNA replication. people are not happy about this statement because it makes others assume environmental factors (smoking, diet, exercise. etc) are not important BUT they do actually increase risks of cancer.
Factors Increasing Cancer Risk
Genes- Mutation (most cancers are not inherited). Environment: Diet, infection, tobacco, sunlight, occupation (ex. toll people breathing in smog)
What is a stroke what are the two types of strokes
Reduced blood flow to the brain which causes neurons to die (due to lack of oxygen in the brain) and control of your blood pressure
What is a glaucoma, Symptoms of glaucoma and treatment
your eye decreases in aqueous humor which increases the pressure in the eye and blood vessel constriction which leads to degeneration of the optic nerve which is loss of periphery vision. Serious when undetected and the eye is usually damaged when it is finally aware
Symptoms of glaucoma and treatment:
symptoms- blurred vision, halos around lights, pain, watery eyes, loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision)
slow development and treatment can be eye drops or drainage to relieve pressure
Changes in the eye as you age
Tear production decreases, lens and sclera yellowing (decreases ability to distinguish color), delayed dark adaptation, lose fine focus (80% loss by 85 yrs), iris hardens and fades, vit. humor shrinks, pressure increases=glaucoma (loss of periphery vision due to blood vessel)
Name the 4 cancers based on tissue types and the traits of them
-CARCINOMA = Epithelial tissue
>80% of all cancers
eg., MELANOMA = SKIN CELLS
-LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA = blood cells
9% of all cancers
-SARCOMA = CONNECTIVE TISSUE
~1% of all cancers
bone, fat, cartilage
-NEUROBLASTOMA = Central Nervous System
Primarily in children
(Early diagnosis is optimal
Staging/Grading vary based on cancer type)
Surgery: Best, removes tumor, and nearby lymph nodes
Chemo: Injected directly into a vein or through a catheter (used when cancer is all over your body)
Radiation: High energy x-ray shrinks tumor and kills cancerous cells.
(Chemo and radiation purpose is to kill DNA cells, so it kills the bad ones and good ones)
Functions of the neuron
Neuron- transmit nerve impulses
Dendrite- receiver
Axon- conductor
Synapse- neurotransmitter
Schwann cells- Melin sheath in PNS that improves conduction
Astrocytes- Supports cells in CNS, repair function
Oligodendrocytes- prevent inflammation
Post mitotic they do not reproduce
what are the two types of strokes
80% of strokes of Ischemic
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
= “mini-strokes”,
common in elderly
Multi-Infarction Dementia
seen as “senility” or
Absent-mindedness
25% of Senile Dementia cases
To avoid stroke you MUST
control blood pressure!
causes of sleep disruption and ways to treat and prevent sleep disruption
medications, menopause, nocturia (needing to use the bathroom), caffeine, gastritis, GIRD
Ways to treat and prevent sleep disruption:
consult with doctor for medication, use bedroom for sleep only, exercise in the afternoon, avoid caffeine before bed, relaxation techniques, and keep a routine