Probation & Intermediate Sanctions (Ch.12)
What is the main goal of probation in community corrections?
Rehabilitation; reintegration
What is parole, and how does it differ from probation?
Parole is a conditional release after serving time in prison, whereas probation occurs before incarceration.
When and where was the first juvenile court established?
1899, Cook County (Chicago), Illinois.
What does the phrase “defund the police” actually mean?
Reallocation, not abolishment.
How do probation officers act as both law enforcers and social workers?
They enforce court conditions (law enforcer) while offering guidance, support, and resources (social worker).
What are the three central concepts of parole?
Grace, Contract, and Custody.
What Supreme Court case granted juveniles due process and counsel rights?
In re Gault (1967).
Name one reform aimed at improving police accountability.
Banning certain police procedures (chokeholds), body cameras, building civilian review boards/databases for corrupt police, etc.
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP), and what is one of its advantages?
A stricter form of probation with frequent contact and monitoring; it reduces prison overcrowding while maintaining supervision.
What is mandatory release, and what is its purpose?
It requires release under supervision after serving most of a sentence, accounting for good-time credits.
What are status offenses, and why are they debated?
Acts illegal only for minors (e.g., truancy, curfew violation); critics argue they punish normal adolescent behavior.
How has technology transformed modern policing?
Through facial recognition, predictive analytics, GIS mapping, body-worn cameras, etc.
What is shock incarceration, and who is it designed for?
A short-term, boot camp–style program for young or first-time offenders to deter future crime through discipline.
Identify one major challenge parolees face during reentry.
Barriers include employment discrimination, unstable housing, mental health struggles, and stigma.
What was the outcome of Roper v. Simmons (2005)?
Executing juvenile death penalty
Why is private security considered controversial?
Lack of transparency, accountability issues, and potential overlap with public law enforcement duties.
Define net-widening and explain why it’s controversial.
The practice of expanding supervision to low-risk offenders, increasing state control instead of reducing incarceration rates.
Name one major structural barriers that make successful reentry difficult for individuals on parole.
Employment discrimination, occupational licensing restrictions, lack of stable house, mental health treatment, reintegration programs, etc.
How has neuroscience reshaped modern juvenile justice policy?
It shows adolescent brains are less developed, supporting rehabilitation and treatment over punishment.
How has political polarization affected the rule of law?
It creates inconsistent enforcement, erodes trust, and politicizes justice administration.