Circulatory
_____ carry blood away from the heart; ______ carry blood toward the heart
arteries, veins
Ventilation (in mammals) is governed by which law?
Boyle’s law
Under normal conditions, inhalation is ? and exhalation is ?
active, passive
What is apoptosis
programmed cell death
What are the two regions of polypeptide chains called?
V and C (variable and constant)
What is the difference between inflow and outflow?
carrying fluids into the lymph nodes, carry fluids out of the lymph nodes
What is another name for the tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation?
Vital capacity
Which type of pattern is seen in fish for gas transfer? (How does gas exchange happen in fish)
Countercurrent
What is the primary way our bodies fight infection?
innate immunity
What are the types of white blood cells that work in innate immunity?
neutrophils and macrophages
What does the sinus venosus become?
Part of the right atrium and the SA node
What do we mean when we say anatomical dead space?
This is air NOT involved in gas exchange because it never gets to alveoli. Lungs are never completely empty.
______ is the opening into the larynx at the top of the trachea.
_______ helps block food from entering the airway.
Glottis, Epiglottis.
How many classes of antibodies are there?
5
What is a secondary immune response?
What are the components of the vertebrae circulatory system?
-Blood and interstitial fluid
-Blood vessels
-Lymphatic system
-Heart
How do we move the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
C- Carbon
A- Acid (low pH)
D-2,3 DPG
E- Exercise
T- Temperature
The following describes which vertebrate ventilation mechanism?
Buccal and opercular pumps, unidirectional flow of water.
Fish “breathing via gills in water.
Can achieve nearly continuous water flow over gills.
The “dual” pump.
What is the difference between barrier defenses and internal defenses
-Barrier defenses are external (Skin, mucous membranes, secretions)
- internal defenses are at a cellular level (Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial cells)
What is the difference between hormonal response and cell-mediated response
-hormonal response involves antibodies defending against infection in body fluids
-cell mediated responses involve cytotoxic cells defending against infection in body cells
What is the entire pathway of blood through the heart
enter through the superior/inferior vena cava into the right atrium through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle. Then through the pulmonary semilunar valves ad the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary vein brings the blood into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Then through the aortic semilunar valves to the aorta into the body.
What is the order of the air flow through structures?
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
Describe what happens during the three waves of an EKG
P wave- Atrial contraction.
QRS complex- Ventricular contraction.
T wave- Ventricular recovery.
What are the four main characteristics of adaptive immunity
-Immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
-Self-tolerance: lack of reactivity against an animal's own molecules and cells
-B and T cells proliferate after activation
-Immunological memory
How are antibodies able to recognize specific antigens
The presence of specific epitopes that are specific to each antigen.