Prokaryotes
Bacteria and viruses are in this group
Prokaryotes
What makes archaea different than bacteria
They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
What is a virus
DNA and RNA enveloped in protein coat and wrapped in outer lipid layer.
Who was the guy who came up with classification
Carl Linnaeus
What makes bacteria different than eukaryote cells
DNA not contained in nucleus; smaller cell; peptidoglycan in cell wall
Explain what an endospore is
Bacterium faces harsh/hostile conditions, so it sections off part of its plasmid and forms a protective covering around it. Then this spore will lyse from the bacterium and will stay dormant until conditions improve.
Why are viruses not considered living
They cannot replicate on their own
A scientific name uses what two taxa, and how do you write it?
Genus, species. Genus first and it is capitalized. Species second, and it is lower case. Both are italicized.
Bacteria come in three shapes. What are they
Coccus, spherical, rod-shaped (bacillus)
List three modes of gas exchange for bacteria
obligate anaerobe (fermentation)
obligate aerobe (needs oxygen)
facultative anaerobe (both)
What is a retrovirus
Virus like HIV that inserts its RNA into the cell, and the RNA is converted to DNA through reverse transcriptase, and the new DNA is embedded in the host cell's DNA. The host is a carrier because they are unaware of the infection and can be asymptomatic
What is a cryptic species and how does it contribute to defining what a species is?
How do bacteria share genetic information. Explain the process.
Conjugation. A pilus extends from a F+ bacterium to a F- bacteria, and the plasmid inserts itself to the F- bacterium. Now the F- bacterium has the trait and will express this new gene.
Extremophiles lives in extreme conditions. List three examples of these.
Halophiles (salt)
Thermophiles (high heat)
Psychrophile (cold loving)
Discuss what a lytic and lysogenic cycle are
lytic = bacteriophage attacks the cell by inserting its phage DNA into the bacterium. The DNA takes over the cell to produce new viruses, which eventually cause lysis of the cell.
Lysogenic occurs when bacteriophage inserts its phage DNA into the bacterium, and the DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterium's DNA and is replicated as the bacterium replicates over many generations. It remains hidden in the bacterium's plasmid until there is a stressor or other factor that leads to lysis stage.
Draw a cladogram with the following information:
WE will write together
Explain the process of binary fission. What kind of replication is this?
Binary fission = asexual
bacteria replicates its genetic code (plasmid DNA) at the origin of replication. The bacterium elongates, and proteins at the middle of the cell help break it apart, and then two identical daughter cells are made.
List four modes of nutrition in bacteria and give the definitions
what is a pathogen, and what are the different ways a virus attacks cells vs bacteria?
pathogen = disease causing agent
virus = attacks nucleus and replicates itself inside cell and then causes lysis
bacteria = kills cells and releases toxins
List all the taxonomic levels in order.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species