Types of Assessment
What are the three types of assessment
Formal Assessment, Informal Assessment and Summative Assessment
(Tomlinson, 2007)
(Chappuis & Chappuis, 2007)
What is the relationship between friendship and support?
Friendship and positive relationships are crucial for students with disabilities to succeed but there is an issue when there's an over-emphasis on the “helpee/helper” relationship.
“Help is not and can never be the basis of friendship” (Van der Klift & Kunc, 1994: page 3)
What is a paraprofessional?
Paraprofessional educators generally assist teachers in the classroom, supervise students outside of the classroom, or provide administrative support for teaching.
what is fading support and How does it connect to assessment and support?
Fading assistance means systematically reducing the type and level of support given to a student. This connects to
What is Formative Assessment?
helping students achieve more with periodic check ins on student learning to form lesson progression
(Zarrillo, 2012)
What is positive behavior support?
Behavior is learned and can change.
Intervention is based on studying the behavior.
The intervention emphasizes prevention and teaching new behaviors.
Outcomes are personally and socially valued.
Intervention requires comprehensive, integrated support.
(Causton & Tracy-Bronson, 2015)
Con of paraprofessional with the student all day:
Having an adult by a student’s side for all or most of the school day can actually interfere with a students inclusion as a participating member of the classroom community
(Giangreco, 2005)
List a reason how paraprofessionals and support go hand in hand
What is Summative Assessment?
making a judgement of a student’s learning
(Zarrillo, 2012)
List some of the ways to naturally support students. (There are 5 ways)
(Causton & Tracy-Bronson, 2015)
List three benefits of a paraprofessional in the classroom
Doing clerical tasks that free teachers to spend more time instructing students
Engaging in follow-up instruction, tutoring, or homework help
Providing supervision in group settings (cafeteria, playground, bus boarding)
Assisting students with personal care needs (bathroom use, eating, dressing)
Facilitating social skills, peer interactions, and positive behavior support plans
(Giangreco, 2005)
What happens when adult support, like a paraprofessional, is too overbearing?
Student learns to expect that adult support. They wait for the adult to engage with material, and become helpless in the classroom.
What is informal Assessment?
An assessment used throughout the lesson to see where students stand on a topic. It allows students to represent ideas in different forms.
(Tomlinson, 2007)
Steps for adult support for students (4 steps:
1. Plan to include.
2. Ask and listen.
3. Step back.
4. Plan to fade your support.
(Causton-Theoharis, 2009)
list three detrimental effects of paraprofessional proximity according to Causton-Theoharis
Separation from classmates.
Unnecessary dependence on adults.
Interference with peer interactions.
Insular relationships between the paraprofessional and the student.
A feeling of being stigmatized.
Limited access to competent instruction.
Interference with teacher engagement.
Loss of personal control.
Loss of gender identity.
Provocation of behavior problems
(Causton-Theoharis, 2009)
During assessment what is it important to do?
During assessments, it is important to provide the student with the help they are required to have. If the student works best with a paraprofessional or someone who can read the test to them, you must make sure the student has that while completing the assessment.
What is the process of Assessment?
gathering data, analyzing data, sharing data
(Zarrillo, 2012)
Five ways to naturally support students:
1. Do not sit or place a chair meant for adult support next to a student
2. Do not remove the student
3. Encourage peer support
4. Encourage independence and interdependence
5. Fade your cues
(Causton-Theoharis, 2009)
List two of the five reasons to be concerned about individual paraprofessional supports
Five reasons to be concerned about individual paraprofessional supports
(Giangreco, 2005)
Is it fair to give students the same type of assessment over and over again?
NO! As an educator, it is important to switch assessments up so that students aren't continuously completing the same type. Additionally, make some assessments where students can work with peers, a paraprofessional, or even in a group.