Cancer
DNA
Central Dogma
GMOs
100
What characteristic do all forms of cancer have in common?
Cancer is caused by mutated DNA.
100
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA codes for RNA, and RNA codes for proteins.
100
What is translation?
The process of converting RNA into proteins.
100
What is a genome?
Entire set of genes carried by one member of a species
200
What are 2 of the 5 main characteristics of cancer cells?
Could be:
1. Resists Cell Death
2. Evades Growth Suppressors
3. Metastasis
4. Inducing angiogenesis
5. Replicate Immortality
200
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick were given the Nobel Prize for DNA, but it was a woman, Rosalind Franklin, who took the picture of DNA that Watson and Crick used to create the double helix theory. She died before the Nobel Prize could be given to her.
200
How Does DNA direct cellular activities?
DNA codes for RNA, and RNA codes for proteins where proteins play a function in cells. Therefore, DNA is needed to perform functional roles in cells.
200
How many genes does a human have?
23,000
300
What happens at the metaphase checkpoint?
The spindles make sure that all chromosomes are ready to separate.
300
What does the other helix look like?
5' GTTGACCTAGTACGA 3'
3' CAACTGGATCATGCT 5'
300
What is a codon?
3 nucleotides that create a genetic code in RNA and DNA.
300
What is genetic engineering?
Manipulation of DNA in plants or animals for human purposes
400
Sometimes, certain biological division circumstances can transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell. What gene causes this?
Oncogene
400
What 3 things does a nucleotide contain?
1. Sugar group
2. Phosphate group
3. One of the 4 bases (AGTC)
400
What is CFTR? What disease is it associated with?
CFTR is a protein that is found on the plasma membrane which allows chloride and water to move from inside the cell to the outside. Mutations in this means a lot of water released and loosens the normal mucus in the airways. Too much mucus is the result in CF.
400
What are the advantages of genetic engineering and GMOs? List at least 2.
1. Produce mass quantities of food
2. Increase nutrition in food
3. Stem Cells/Gene Therapy
4. Pharming - improving drugs and treatment of diseases
5. Increase shelf life of food
500
A doctor has told a patient that a benign tumor on their skin has spread to other tissues and is causing health problems. What should the patient do?
NOTHING! Benign tumors are usually harmless, they do not spread to other tissues. The patient could probably watch the area and make sure nothing seems different.
500
Think back to the Case of the Druid Dracula: Why can't blood type alone convict a person? What do we look at in blood to convict?
Because we all share 8 blood types. We look for DNA in the blood cells.
500
What are 3 ways that CF affects other organs?
Could be:
1. Enlarged Heart
2. Sinus problems
3. Gallstones
4. Bad digestion
5. Male Infertility
6. Abnormal pancreas function
500
What is artificial selection?
It is the process of mating two individuals for desired traits.
Ex: purebred dogs
600
What is happening in this photo? Why is this bad?
Angiogenesis: Blood is being given to cancerous cells. Blood includes waste control and provides nutrients. Angiogenesis is basically "feeding the beast".
600
The DNA lecture talked a lot about how the double helix is unzipped a replicated. What part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
Interphase.
600
What is CRISPR?
It is a technique to provide a defense against viruses in bacteria by cutting up viral DNA
600
What is one positive and one negative thing about GMOs?
Positive: Nutrient dense foods, more food, better shelf life, better pharmaceuticals, herd immunity.
Negative: Expensive, more chemicals, polluted groundwater, super weeds
700
How does mutation in the Rb tumor-suppressor gene lead to increased susceptibility to various cancers?
The tumor suppressor gene stops tumors from growing. When it is mutated, mutated cell division accelerates and you become susceptible to cancers.
700
What is semi-conservative replication?
This replication is where the double helix parent strand is unzipped into two single strands each of which serves as a template for the formation of a new strand.
700
Emily has CF, but her sister does not. How does that happen?
Emily's parents have one gene for the CF mutation, you must have 2 mutations to have CF. Emily got both, but that does not mean her sister will also have it. She could have only one chromosome for CF, or none.
700
What are the 3 steps to make GMOs?
1. Gene ID
2. Gene Delivery
3. Gene Expression