GI Anatomy & Physiology
Controlled by the swallowing center in the brain stem and begins when food enters the esophagus.
What is primary peristalsis?
Conscious sensation resulting from stimulation of the medullary vomiting center that often precedes or accompanies vomiting.
What is nausea?
It produces bile; metabolizes hormones and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals; changes ammonia produced by deamination of amino acids to urea; and converts fatty acids to ketones.
What is the liver?
A sudden inflammation of the pancreas.
What is acute pancreatitis?
A herniation of the esophageal wall caused by a weakness of the muscularis layer.
What is diverticulum?
This sphincter prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus.
What is gastroesophageal sphincter?
The backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus; this is the condition that causes heartburn or pyrosis.
What is gastroesophageal reflux?
Its secretion is essential for the digestion of dietary fats and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine.
What is bile?
The fourth leading cause of death from cancer in the United States.
What is pancreatic cancer?
Affects two-thirds of the world's population and is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders.
What is Helicobacter pylori gastritis?
It prevents the backflow of gastric contents and allows them to flow into the duodenum at a rate commensurate with the ability of the duodenum to accept them.
What is pyloric sphincter?
A term used to describe a group of ulcerative disorders that occur in areas of the upper GI tract that are exposed to acid-pepsin secretions.
What is peptic ulcer disease?
Represents a decrease in bile flow through the intrahepatic canaliculi and a reduction in the secretion of water, bilirubin, and bile acids by the hepatocytes.
What is cholestasis?
Provides a strong stimulus for gallbladder contraction.
A potent antacid that also has laxative effects.
It is secreted by S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum, and inhibits gastric acid secretion.
What is secretin?
A diffuse form of gastritis that is limited to the body and fundus of the stomach, with a lack or minimal involvement of the antrum.
A yellowish descoloration of the skin and deep tissues results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
What is jaundice?
People usually experience an acute onset of upper right quadrant or epigastric pain, frequently associated with mild fever, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
What is acute cholecystitis?
A group of symptoms, including severe peptic ulcer disease, GERD, and chronic diarrhea, caused by a gastrin-secreting tumor of the duodenum or pancreas that results in increased stimulation of acid-secreting cells of the stomach.
What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
A component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.
What is Gut-associated lymphoid tissue?
What is Crohn's Disease?
Caused by the HBV, a small, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family.
What is hepatitis B?
Serves as a passageway for the delivery of bile from the liver to the intestine.
Associated with antibiotic therapy. A gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus that is part of the normal flora in 1% to 3% of humans.
What is Clostridium difficile colitis?