Race & Crime
the act of suspecting, targeting, or discriminating against a person based on their ethnicity, religion, or nationality, rather than individual suspicion or evidence. This practice involves discrimination against minority populations and often relies on negative stereotypes
Racial Profiling (or just profiling)
a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living
Poverty
the socially defined expectations, characteristics, attributes, roles, responsibilities, activities and practices that constitute masculinity, femininity, gender identity, and gender expressions
Gender
the unearned advantages and benefits that certain social groups receive because of their membership in those groups
Privilege
the level of trust and confidence that the public has in the police, and the degree to which the public is willing to cooperate with them
Police Legitimacy
low-level crimes and property crimes committed by the poor, homeless, and people of color to secure enough resources to endure hardship.
Survival Crimes
nonviolent or non-directly violent crimes that are financially motivated and committed by individuals, businesses, or government professionals
White-Collar Crimes
a theoretical framework that examines how interlocking systems of oppression, such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and other social factors, impact crime and criminalization
Intersectionality
the act of treating people unfairly or prejudicially based on their perceived or actual membership in a group or category. It can involve denying opportunities or privileges to members of one group that are available to members of another group
Discrimination
organized groups of armed men who enforced discipline on enslaved people in the antebellum U.S., some argue these groups are the historical precursor to modern police
a criminology theory that explains how crime and delinquency are linked to a community's ability to organize and share values
Social Disorganization Theory
when people in poverty face more severe consequences for the same actions as wealthier people due to their lack of financial resources
Criminalizing poverty
a theory that describes a system of criminalization that targets young people of color in the United States. the system is described as a combination of punishment from many institutions, including schools, families, businesses, and the criminal justice system.
Youth Control Complex (punitive social control)
the ability of people to make decisions and take actions that are independent of social structures
Agency
a series of violent confrontations between police and LGBTQ+ activists that took place in New York City's Greenwich Village on June 28, 1969
Stonewall Riots
the systematic criminalization of a group of people, often based on their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
hypercriminalization
a criminological theory that views crime as a result of social and economic inequality between groups in society. From this perspective, the elite commit crimes to maintain their power and wealth, while the poor commit crimes to improve their financial situation. Furthermore, those in power create laws and use the justice system to protect their interests and control the lower class. Thus, the justice system is biased.
Conflict Theory
the ability to overcome adversity and recover from obstacles. This can be a protective factor for people involved in the criminal justice system. This can also be used to understand the impact of crime on marginalized groups
resilience
a negative attitude or judgment toward a person or group based on their perceived characteristics or membership in a social group. It can be characterized by irrational or stereotyped beliefs, and is often formed without sufficient evidence or just grounds.
Prejudice
the actions taken by family, friends, neighbors, and schools to maintain norms, rules & community safety
Informal Social Control
These are the three primary causes of racial disproportionality in the American Criminal Justice System.
•Individual bias
•Differential Offending
•Biased policies and practices
The three types of theoretical explanations for the relationship between social class and criminality (Fill in the three blanks):
_________________: Crime is the result of personal or moral failings of the poor.
_________________: Crime is the result of differential treatment of the poor by the criminal justice system.
_________________: Crime is the result of structural pressures of poverty and inequality on the poor.
Individualistic theories
Social interactionist theories
Structural outcome theories
potentially traumatic events that can occur in a child's life, such as abuse, violence, or neglect. This concept can also include growing up in a household with mental health or substance use issues, or experiencing instability due to parental separation or incarceration
ACES (Adverse Childhood Experiences)
the racial ideology that posits the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible, without regard to race, culture, or ethnicity. This ideology allows White people, who are unlikely to experience disadvantages due to race, to effectively ignore racism in American life, justify the current social order, and feel more comfortable with their relatively privileged standing in society.
Colorblindness (Colorblind Racism)
a term that describes the process by which students are funneled from public schools into the criminal justice system. This concept disproportionately affects students of color, students with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ students.
School to prison Pipeline