Brazil
What was the name of the 1888 law that finally ended slavery in Brazil without paying owners for their loss?
The Golden Law
What was the name of the bird droppings Peru sold to Europe that provided the wealth needed to modernize the country?
Guano
What is the term for an economy that depends entirely on one single crop, such as Cuba’s dependence on sugar?
Monoculture
What were the escape communities founded by enslaved people in Brazil called?
Quilombos
What was the name of the idea that being "Cuban" meant being free and equal regardless of race?
Cubanidad
Under pressure from the British, Brazil passed the Queiroz Law in 1850. What did this law specifically end?
The importation of slaves (the slave trade).
Who were the yanaconas on the large Peruvian estates?
Native farmers who worked on haciendas and had to give up 50% to 90% of their crops as rent.
Who was the black revolutionary general known as the "Bronze Titan"?
Antonio Maceo
What was the main purpose of "Free Womb" laws across Latin America?
To delay abolition by freeing children but forcing them to work for the owner until adulthood as compensation.
What was the name of the law white Cuban elites tried to pass to keep control over freed people?
The Reglamento de Libertos.
How did the 1824 Constitution help the elite keep control of the government?
It gave the Emperor power to dissolve parliament and used property requirements to stop most people from voting.
After Bolívar left Peru, the government was broke. What colonial-era policy did they bring back to get money, and what was its "new" name?
They brought back the native tax under the name contribución de indígenas.
To keep control of workers after 1886, Spain used an eight-year "apprenticeship" program. What was it called?
The patronato.
Which 1851 armed rebellion in Peru convinced rich owners that slavery caused too much social instability to be profitable?
The Chicama Revolt.
What was the name of the group formed by freed people in Cuba to fight for equal access to schools, transport, and jobs?
The Directorio Central.
During the Balaiada rebellion, how did the elite use a "Divide and Rule" tactic to stop the uprising?
They offered amnesty to free rebels if they would help the government "hunt down" runaway slaves.
Why did Peruvian slave owners start renting their slaves to work in the cities instead of keeping them on farms?
Because mines and farms were in ruins, and city work allowed owners to continue making money from their "property."
During the Ten Years' War, why was there a major split between the East and West sides of the island?
The West remained loyal to protect its sugar/slave industry, while the East had fewer slaves and was more willing to rebel.
How did urban slaves in Peru use the new laws of the Republic to fight for their freedom?
They took owners to court for physical abuse, using republican legal petitions to win their rights.
Why did elite leaders prefer to use the word "nation" instead of talking about "race"?
They used "National Unity" to ignore race and keep people from demanding true racial equality after the wars.
How did the Golden Law actually make life harder for freed black workers in the cities like Rio de Janeiro?
It didn't provide land or education, and black workers were quickly replaced by European immigrants who were hired by the elite instead.
Explain why the "Guano Boom" was actually a disaster for the indigenous families of Peru.
Guano wealth made land more valuable, so elites used Bolívar’s "private plot" laws to legally steal communal land from native families and build massive estates.
How did the struggle for independence in Cuba lead to a trade of one foreign master for another?
Wars ruined the Cuban elite, allowing the U.S. Sugar Trust to take control and buy 87% of exports.
What did the elite use to block people from voting and create a system of virtual slavery?
They used literacy requirements to block voting and harsh labor contracts (like those for Chinese coolies) to create virtual slavery.
Why is it wrong to say that slavery ended simply because the elite decided to be kind?
Abolition was forced by active resistance (mass flights and strikes) that made slavery impossible for the elite to maintain.