🦠Cell Biology
🧬Molecular/Cellular Rad Bio
⁉️Early Tissue Reactions/Effects
📈Radiation Effects
100
1. Cells are made of _________, the living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane.
2. This substance carries on the complex process of ________,
3. Reception and processing of _______ and ________,
4. _________ of waste products
1. Protoplasm
2. Metabolism
3. Food, Oxygen
4. Elimination
100
1. _________ ___________ damages living systems by ejecting e- from atoms, creating ions that alter chemical bonding.
2. Once atoms are ionized, molecular structures, like ____, can no longer maintain normal biological function.
3. Each type of #1 has distinct ______, ______, & ________, influencing how deeply and effectively energy is tranferred into tissues.
4. The extent of injury is influence by ____, ____, and ____, three key measures of radiation's biuological effectiveness.
1. Ionizing radiation
2. DNA
3. charge. mass, energy
4. LET, OER, RBE
100
1. _________ effects are effects upon the body that was irradiated.
2. _________ effects are effects upon future generations b/c of irradiation of germ cells in previous generations.
3. ________ damage by living organisms (humans) is a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation.
4. Depending upon the length of time from the moment of irradiation to the first appearance of symptoms or rad dmg, the effects are classified as either ______ or ______ #1 effects.
1. Somatic
2. Genetic
3. Biologic
4. Early, Late
100
1. Stochastic effects: The _______ that the effect that happens depends upon the received dose, but the _________ of the effect does not.
2. Example: Occurrence of ______.
3. _______ Reactions (Deterministic): Both the #1A and #1B of the effect depend upon the dose.
4. Example: A ________
1. Probability, severity
2. Cancer
3. Tissue
4. Cataract
200
1. _________ compounds are compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
2. _________ materials are comounds that do not contain carbon.
3. The 4 primary elements that constitute protoplasm are formed by: _________, ________, ____________, and __________.
4. When combined with phosphorus and sulfur, they comprise the essential major organic compounds: ___________, _________, _________, _________.
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
3. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
4. Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
200
1. ____ = how much energy an ionizing perticle deposits per unit distance it travels through tissue
2. Measured in _____ per _____ (___/___)=
3. A (⬆️/⬇️)-_#1_ radiation (like _____ particles) deposits energy densely, causing complex localized damage that is harder for ells to repair.
4. (⬆️/⬇️)-_#1_ radiation (like _____ and _____) deposits energy more sparsely, leading to damage that is often repairable.
5. #1 helps us understand which types of radiation pose greater risks to _______, particularly in rad therapy and rad protection.
1. LET (Linear Energy Transfer)
2. keV, micometer, keV/μm
3. ⬆️ (high)
4. ⬇️ (low)
5. Tissues
200
1. ⬆️radiation dose = (⬆️/⬇️) severity of these effects
2. These results have a _________, a point at which they begin to appear and below which they are absent.
3. The amount of biologic dmg depends on the actual _______ dose of ionizing radiation.
4. _______ Tissue Reactions appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks of the time of radiation exposure.
5. It requires a _______ dose of ionizing radiation to produce these biologic changes soon after iradiation.
1. ⬆️severity
2. Threshold
3. Absorbed
4. Early
5. Substantial
200
Dose Response:
1. ________: a point at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occurs.
2. With reference to i/r, #1 means that below a certain radiation level or dose, (SOME/NO) biologic effects are observed.
3. Biologic effects begin to occur only when the #1 level or ______ is reached.
4. ___________ indicates that a radiation absorbed dose of any magnitude has the capability of producing a biologic effect.
5. For the linear threshold curve, biologic effect responses will be c/b by i/r in living organisms in a ________ proportional manner all the way down to dose levels approaching zero.
6. No radiation dose can be considered absolutely safe with the severity of the biologic effects increasing ______ with the magnitude of the absorbed dose.
1. Threshold
2. No biologic effects
3. Dose
4. Nonthreshold
5. Directly
6. Directly
300
1. The most important inorganic substances are: ___________ and ____________.
2. _______ plays a fundamental role in sustaining life and is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body.
3. #2 normally accounts for ____% to ____% of protoplasm.
1. Water, Mineral Salts (electrolytes)
2. Water
3. 80, 85
300
1. ____ = compares how effective different types of radiation are at causing a specific biological effect under identical conditions.
2. Reference standard is ____-kVp X-rays
3. Equation?
4. ⬆️LET radiation typically has a (⬆️/⬇️) RBE b/c its dense ionizations cause (⬆️/⬇️) biological disruption.
5. #1 is vital in ________ planning, helping determin equivalent biological doses in therapy & rad safety standards
1. RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness)
2. 250
3. RBE = (dose from 250 kVp x-rays) ÷ (dose from test radiation to produce same effect)
4. ⬆️RBE = ⬆️bio disruption
5. Tx
300
1. Except for certain lengthy high-dose-rate procedures, Dx imaging examinations (DO/DO NOT) usually impose radiation doses sufficient to cause Early Tissue Reactions.
2. High-dose effects include n____, f_____, e______, e_______, b____ disorders, i______ disorders, f___, dry and moist d____________, depressed _____ count in the male, temporary or permanent __________ in the male/female, and injury to ______ _______ system.
3. Whole-body dose of ____ Gyt can result in many of these manifestations or organic damage occurring in succession (_____)
1. Do not
2. Nausea, fatigue, erythema, epilation, blood, intestinal, desquamation, sperm, sterility, central nervous
3. 6, ARS
300
Identify A & B
A. Deterministic (Tissue Reactions)
B. Stochastic
400
1. _______ are the most elementary building blocks of cells,
2. And they make up approximately ____% of cell content.
3. #1 are essential for growth, ________ of new body tissue, and the ________ of injured or debilitated tissue.
4. #1 are formed when organic compounds called ___________ combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes.
1. Proteins
2. 15%
3. Construction, repair
4. Amino acids
400
1. The presence of _____ significantly affects how tissues respond to radiation.
2. _____ = (dose of ______ conditions) ÷ (dose in ________ conditions) for the same biological response
3. #1 makes radiation damage more permanent by fixing _____ _______ damage within DNA.
4. X-/Gamma rays typically have an #2 of about ____ at higher doses.
5. _______ tumors often resist radiation therapy, hence hyperbaric oxygen treatments are sometimes used to improve outcomes.
1. Oxygen
2. OER (Oxygen Enhancement Ratio), hypoxic, oxygenated
3. Free radical
4. 3
5. Hypoxic
400
1. ______ = occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a _____ period of time.
2. The three seperate dose-related syndromes are: ________, _________, __________.
3. Four Response Stages of ARS: _______, ______, ______, ________.
4. Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to does of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause ARS have been obtained from:
- Atomic bomb survivors of H_____ and N______
- M_______ Island (Fallout due to an atomic bomb test, 1954)
- C_____ disaster of 1986
- Patients who have undergone ______ therapy
1. ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome), short
2. Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, Cerebrovascular
3. Prodromal, Latent, Manifest, Recovery/Death
4. Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Marshall, Chernobyl, Radiation
400
Label the parts of the graph A, B, C
A. Early Effect
B. Late Effect
C. Latent Period
500
1. __________, also referred to as saccharides,
2. Make up approximately ___% of cell content.
3. They include ________ and various _________.
4. _______ is the primary energy source for the cell.
1. Carbohydrates
2. 1%
3. starches, sugars
4. Glucose
500
1. Radiation effects occur at 3 biological levels: __________, _________, ________
2. Any visible biological damage starts with ________ injury, especially DNA and proteins.
3. #2 alteration disrupts ________ chemistry and impairs normal biological functions.
4. Damage to ________ cells affects the individual (e.g., organ dysfunction), while damage to ______ cells can produce heritable mutations affecting future generations.
5. This forms the foundation for understanding both somatic effects (like _______ damage) and genetic effects (like _________).
1. Molecular, cellular, organic (systemic)
2. Molecular
3. Cellular
4. Somatic, germ
5. Tissue, mutations
500
1. Hematopoetic Syndrome (_____ ______ syndrome)
2. From ___ to ___ Gyt
Gastrointestinal Syndrome:
3. Appears from ___ to ____ Gyt
Cerebrovascular Syndrome:
4. Results from doses of ____ Gyt or more
1. Bone marrow
2. 1-10 Gyt
3. 6-10 Gyt
4. >50 Gyt
500
1. Radiation-induced damage at the _______ level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life.
2. These outcomes are called _______ effects and are the _____-term results of radiation exposure,.
3. Examples: C__________, L__________
1. Cellular
2. Late, Long
3. Cataracts, leukemia
600
Identify the cell structure:
- Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from the environment
- Controls the passage of water and other materials into/out of cell
- Elimination of wastes
- Refining of material for energy through the breakdown of the materials
- Plastic storage bag
Cell membrane
600
1. Ionizing radiation interacts with cells via _______ or _______ action.
2. _______ action occurs when radiation deposits energy directly in the DNA or other critical targets.
3. _______ action occurs when radiation first ionizes with water, producing _____ ________ that damage biomolecules.
4. Since the human body is 80% water, ______ action is predominant, especially for (⬆️/⬇️) LET radiation.
5. The _________ of water leads to reactive species like OH-, which can damage DNA, proteins, and membranes.
6. #3b can combine into _____ molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide, amplifying biological injury.
1. Direct, indirect
2. Direct
3. Indirect, free radicals
4. Indirect, ⬇️LET
5. Radiolysis
6. Toxic
600
1. _____ ____ (___) 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to ____% of the exposed population within ____ days.
2. The other two are #1C ___/___ and #1C ___/___
3. This is a (QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE) measurement that is fairly precise when applied to experimental animals.
4. For adult humans, estimated dose of #1C 50/30 is _____ to ____ Gyt.
5. LD ___/___ may be more accurate for humans.
1. Lethal Dose, LD, 50%, 30 days
2. 50/60, 100/60
3. Quantitative
4. 3.0-4.0 Gyt
5. 50/60
600
1. _______ _________: consequences of rad exposure that appear months or years after such exposure.
2. Effects may result from previous _____- or _____-body acute exposure.
3. Previous (HIGH/LOW) radiation doses
4. _____-term, ____-level doses sustained over several years.
1. Genetic mutations
2. Whole-body, Partial-body
3. Low
4. Long-term, low-level doses
700
Identify the cell structure:
- Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment
- Transfers food from one part of the cell to another
- The Highway
Endoplasmic Reticulum
700
1. A _____ occurs when radiation ruptures one side of the DNA's sugar-phosphate backbone.
2. This is commonly caused by (⬆️/⬇️)-LET radiation.
3. Cells can (RARELY/OFTEN) repair these breaks using repair enzymes, though repeated exposure increases the chance of incorrect repair.
4. These are sometimes referred to as _____ ________, small but potentially significant changes in genetic material.
5. While individually minor, the accumulation of such damage can lead to cellular malfunction or _________.
1. Single-strand break
2. ⬇️-LET radiation
3. Often
4. Point mutations
5. Apoptosis
700
1. B/c cells contain a repair mechanism in herent in their biochemistry (_______ ________), repair and recovery can occur when cells are exposed to sublethal doses of i/r.
2. After this level of irradiation, surviving cells will be able to divide and thereby begin to _______ the irradiated organ.
3. This process permits an organ that has sustained functional damage as a result of radiation exposure to regain ____ or _____ of its useful ability.
4. In the repair of sublethal damage, cells that are _________, which as a result receive more nutrients, have a better propect for recovery than ______, or poorly oxygenated, cells that consequently receive fewer nutrients.
5. Repeated radiation injuries have a (CUMULUTIVE/DIMINISHING) effect.
6. Approximately ___% of the radiation-induced damge will be irreparable, whereas the remaining ___% may be repaired over time.
1. Repair enzymes
2. Repopulate
3. Some, most
4. Oxygenated, hypoxic
5. Cumulutive
6. 10%, 90%
700
1. Radiation dose-response relation is demonstrated graphically through a curve that maps the observed ________ of radiation exposure in relation to the _____ of radiation received.
2. The observed effects of radiation exposure may the incidence of _______, or it maybe the severity of an effect.
3. The DR curve is either linear (graphically represented by a ________) or nonlinear (_____ to some degree).
1. Effects, dose
2. Disease
3. Straight, curved
800
Identify the cell structure:
- Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins
- Transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body
- Freight hauling
Golgi apparatus
800
1. A ________ is more serious, occurring when both sides of the DNA ladder are broken.
2. These occur more often with (⬆️/⬇️)-LET radiation and are (EASIER/HARDER) to repair correctly.
3. Unrepaired #1's can lead to cell _____ or ______ instability.
4. If both breaks occur in the same rung of the DNA, the chromosome may split unevenly, leading to chromosomal _________.
5. This can result in daughter cells inheriting unequal or damaged genetic information, potentially leading to _______ or cell death.
1. Double-strand break
2. ⬆️-LET radiation, harder
3. Death, genetic
4. Aberrations
5. Mutation
800
1. A _______ response in biologic tissure can occur when any part of the human body receives a high radiation dose.
2. Significant cell _____ usually results after such a substantial partial-body exposure. This leads to ________ of organs and tissues.
3. Organs and tissues may lose their ability to function, or they may _______.
4. If recovery occurs, it may be _______ or ______, depending on the type of cells involved andthe dose of radiation received.
5. If organ and tissue recovery fails to occur, _______ of the irradiated biologic structure results.
6. Organ/tissue response to radiation exposure depends on ________, __________ characteristics, and _____ rate.
1. Destructive
2. Death, atrophy
3. Recover
4. Partial, complete
5. Necrosis
6. Radiosensitivity, reproductive, growth
800
Identify the following DR curves: 1, 2, 3
1. Linear, nonthreshold curve
2. Linear, threshold curve
3. Sigmoid (nonlinear) threshold curve, generally used in rad therapy to demonstrate high-dose cellular response
900
Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell?
a. ER
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosomes
d. Nucleus
d. Nucleus
900
1. Radiation can cause the loss or _______ of a DNA base, leading to __________, a change in the genetic code.
2. Such #1b, may be irreversible, affecting cell function or _______.
3. ________ cross-links occur when radiation causes chemical bonds between atoms on the _______ DNA strands.
4. These sticky sites can interfere with DNA ________ and ________.
5. __________ cross-links occur within the same DNA strand, _________ cross-links occur between complementary strands, both hindering normal genetic processes.
1. Substitution, mutation
2. Survival
3. Covalent
4. Transcription, replication
5. Intrastrand, Interstrand
900
1. Effects on the skin include R________, D_______, E________.
2. #1A can cause cancerous ______.
3. #1B is the _______ or ______ of skin cells in sheets or flakes.
4. #1C is the loss of hair, aka _______. Moderate doses of radiation may result in _______ hair loss. Large doses of radiation may result in _______ hair loss.
5. There is historical evidence of treaing skin diseases (ringworm) with _____ rays.
1. Radiodermatitis, Desquamation, Epilation
2. Lesions
3. Shedding, peeling
4. Alopecia, temporary, permanent|
5. Grenz
900
1. Carcinogenesis is the formation of cancer, aka __________.
2. _______ is the most signifcant late stochastic effect c/b exposure to i/r.
3. This effect is a ______ occurrence that does not seem to have a threhold and for which the severity of the disease (IS/IS NOT) dose-related.
1. Tumorigenesis
2. Cancer
3. Random, is not
1000
Radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which phase?
Metaphase
1000
1. Radiation-induced DNA damage can lead to large-scale chromosomal aberrations (VISIBLE/NOT VISIBLE) under a microscope.
2. Such changes include chromatid _______, chromosome _______, and ____________.
3. Cells attempt to repair this damage through _________ (rejoining of broken ends, normal recovery),
4. _________ (loss of a fragment, leadning to mutation),
5. _________ (results in misshapen or translocated chromosomes)
6. _________ (Structural change with no visible abnormality but altered genetic code)
7. These alterations can lead to cell death, mutation, or __________.
1. Visible
2. Breaks, deletions, fragmentations
3. Restitution
4. Deletion
5. Broken-end rearrangement
6. Hidden rearrangement
7. Carcinogenesis
1000
Radiosensitivity of human germ cells:
1. Gonadal dose of ___ Gyt can depress the male sperm population or cause a genetic mutation in future generations.🚹
2. Dose of ____ Gyt may cause tmporary 🚹sterility for 12 months.
3. A dose of ___ or ___ Gyt can casue permanent 🚹 sterility.
4. A dose of ____ Gyt to the ovaries may cause temporary 🚺 sterility.
5.Single dose of ___ Gyt generally cause permanent 🚺 sterility.
6. A dose of even ___ Gyt may cause mentrual irregularities, such as delay or suppression of menstruation.🚺
1. 0.1 Gyt
2. 2 Gyt
3. 5-6 Gyt
4. 2 Gyt
5. 5 Gyt
6. 0.1 Gyt
1000
1. __________ is the process of developing cataracts.
2. Cataracts occur in the ______ of the eye.
3. There is high probability that single dose of ~___ Gyt wil linduce the formation of cataracts.
4. Results in partial or complete loss of _____
5. Radiation-induced cataracts in ______ follow a threshold, nonlinear DR relationship
1. Cataractogenesis
2. Lens
3. ~2 Gyt
4. Vision
5. Humans
1100
1. Mitosis has four phases: _______, ________, _________, __________.
2. __________ occurs before mitosis and is a time of cell growth.
3. During _____, the chromosomes line up in
the middle of the cell.
1. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
2. Interphase
3. Metaphase
1100
1. ______ ______ proposes that within every cell exists a critical molecule (usually ____) essential for survival.
2. If this molecule is inactivated by radiation, the cell may ___ or function _________.
Effects on the cell nucleus include:
3. ______ death at extremely high doses
4. __________ death where the cell cannot divide
5. __________: programmed self-destruction
6. ________ death or delay: interference during cell division
7. ________ interference: metabolic processes are distruebd but not fatal
1. Target Theory, DNA
2. Die, abnormally
3. Instant
4. Reproductive
5. Apoptosis
6. Mitotic
7. Functional
1100
Hematologic Effects:
1. During the 1920s and 1930s, periodic ______ _____ were the only means of monitoring workers engaged in radiologic practices.
2. Whole-body dose of i/r as low as ____ Gyt would produce a measureable hematologic depression.
3. Some consequences of hematologic depression for the human body include weakened ________, poor _______ _______, reduced ______ delivery.
4. Use of ______ ________ for monitoring of occupational exposure made the practice of requiring periodic blood counts for monitoring radiation damage obsolete.
1. Blood counts
2. 0.25 Gyt
3. Immune system, blood clotting, oxygen
4. Personal dosimeters
1100
1. Embryonic effects are also known as ____ _______.
2. The 3 stages of gestation in humans are _______, __________, __________.
3. Embryonic cell radiosensitivity is the highest during the ___ trimester of pregnancy or #2A.
4. #2A lasts ___ - ___ days, #2B lasts ___ days to ___ weeks, #2C goes from ___ weeks to term.
1. Birth defects
2. Preimplatation, organogenesis, fetal
3. 1st, preimplantation4. 0-9 days, 10 days - 12 wks, 12 weeks to term
1200
1. Cells divide by mitosis or ________.
2. Mitosis occurs in ________ cells to ensure equal distribution of genetic material,
3. While meiosis reduces chromosome numbers in __________ cells.
1. Meiosis
2. Somatic
3. Reproductive
1200
1. ____ _______ ______ graphically represent the fraction of cells that survive after different radiation doses.
2. They help identify the __________ of various cell types.
Factors influencing #2 include:
3. Cell maturity: immature cells are (MORE/LESS) radiosensitive.
4. LET: Higher LET (⬆️/⬇️) biological damage
5. Oxygen presence: Oxygen (ENHANCES/IMPAIRS) radiation effects
6. In Dx imaging, oxygenation is typically normal, but in radiotherapy, oxygen manipulation can (IMPROVE/WORSEN) tumor control.
1. Cell survival curves
2. Radiosensitivity
3. More radiosensitive
4. ⬆️bio damage
5. Enhances rad effects
6. Improve tumor control
1200
1. The hematopoietic system consists of bone ______, ______ blood, & _______ organs
2. Cells of this system all develop from a single precursor cell, the __________ stem cell.
3. The most radiosensitive blood cells are __________ and _________.
1. Marrow, circulating, lymphoid
2. Pluripotential
3. Lymphocytes, neutrophils
1200
1. If the embryo receives a high dose of radiation before the start of organogenesis, _____ _____ is the most apparent negative consequence of such an exposure, followed by spontaneous ______.
2. If this does not occur, pregnancy will continue to term, either with some ______ effect or ______ ___.
3. During late stages of organogensis, the presence of nonminor abnormalities in the fetus will cause ________ ______.
4. _______ damage from radiation exposure occurs most frequently during the period from week 3 to week 20 of development.
5. _____ and ________ disorders during childhood are other possible effects of irradiation during the fetal stage.
1. Fetal death, abortion
2. Adverse, without any
3. Neonatal death
4. Skeletal
5. Cancer, functional
1300
1. DNA is arranged as a _______ helix of sugar-phosphate chains.
2. It carries all the information necessary for ____ function and regulates ______ synthesis.
3. DNA transmits its instructions to _____, which directs protein formation
1. Double
2. Cell, protein
3. RNA
1300
1. The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, proposed in 1906, established that a cell's radiosensitivity is _______ proportional to its reproductive activity and _______ proportional to its degree of differentiation.
2. Originally observed in _______ _____ cells, but applicable to all cell types.
3. Therefore, rapidly dividing, immature celles (like ______ _______ or _________ lining) are highly radiosensitive.
4. Mature, specialized cells (like ______ or _____ cells) are more resistant.
1. Directly, inversely
2. Testicular germ
3. Bone marrow, intestinal
4. Muscle, nerve
1300
1. __________ is the study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes.
2. 1 cytogenic analysis of chromosomes may be accomplished through the use of a chromosome map called a _________. The map consists of a photograph or ________.
3. _________ is the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage c/b radiation exposure can be evaluated.
4. Chromosome ______ and chromatid _______ have been observed at metaphase.
1. Cytogenetics
2. Karyotype, photomicrograph
3. Metaphase
4. Aberrations, breaks
1300
1. Fetal radiosensitivity ________ as gestation progresses.
2. Even in these later trimesters, congenital abnormalities and functional disorders like __________ may be c/b rad exposure.
3. Much of the evidence for radiation-induced congenital abnormalities in humans comes from studies of children exposed in utero during H_______ and N______.
4. Although the risk is high when irradiated in the first trimester, _________ may also be brought on by exposure to radiation during the second and third trimesters.
1. Decreases
2. Sterility
3. Hiroshima, Nagasaki
4. Leukemia
1400
1. _______ carries the genetic code outside the nucleus.
2. tRNA arranges amino acids at the _______.
3. rRNA helps link mRNA to ribosomes so that _____ can be synthesized.
1. mRNA
2. Ribosomes
3. DNA
1400
1. Equal doses of radiation can cause varying damage depending on cell ______ and ______.
2. Blood cells: Radiation can depress bone marrow, leading to (⬆️/⬇️) blood cell counts.
3. Lymphocytes & neutrophils are the (MOST/LEAST) radiosensitive and decline quickly after exposure.
4. _______ may decrease, affecting clotting.
5. Epithelial tissue (lining of skin, GI tract) is (HIGHLY/SLIGHTLY) radiosensitive due to constant regeneration.
6. _______ tissue is relatively resistant, while _______ tissue is highly sensitive during fetal development but resistant in adults.
7. Reproductive cells (__________ and ___) are sensitive, radiation can cause temporary or permanent _________ and genetic defects.
1. Type, function
2. ⬇️blood cell count
3. Most radiosensitive
4. Platelets
5. Highly
6. Muscle, nervous
7. Spermatogonia, ova, sterility
1400
1. Of the 135,000 evacuees from Chernobyl, approx 2000 were pregnant women receiving an estimated total-body equivalent dose of ____ Sv (____ rem).
2. From 1987-1990, there was a recorded increase of ____ times the average rate of deformities and developmental abnormalities in newborns.
3. The ________________ (UNSCEAR)
estimates that for every
4. ____ Sv (rem) of fetal radiation dose, the risk of certain fetal effects (like mortality, malformations, intellectual disability, and childhood cancer) increases by ____%. This represents an addition to the baseline risk of ____% from all causes, excluding radiation exposure.
5. The effects of low-level i/r on the embryo-fetus can only be (SUFFICIENTLY/POORLY) estimated.
6. Documentation of the impact of low-level radiation on the unborn irradiated in utero is insufficient b/c some types of abnormalities occur in a small percentage, approximately ___%, of all live births in the US.
1. 0.43 Sv, 43 rem
2. 3x
3. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
4. 0.01 Sv, 0.3%, 6%
5. Poorly
6. 4%
1500
1. Humans have ___ chromosomes in somatic cells, arranged in ___ pairs.
2. ______ cells, however, have only half that number.
3. Each human germ cell contains ___ chromosomes.
1. 46, 23
2. Germ
3. 23
1500
1. Genetic (Hereditary) Effects are biologic effects of i/r on ______ ________.
2. Non-lethal doses receievd by germ cells can cause ________ irregularities that may be transmitted to successive generations.
3. Modifications in genetic material that occur naturally without a known cause can be referred to as __________ ________. In humans, a genetic disorder is present in approximately ___% of all ive births in the US.
4. Additional agents called ________ can increase the frequency of mutations. Among them are _____ and multiple specific ________.
5. _______ __________ are genetic mutations at the molecular level, and can either be ______ (expressed in the offsrping) or ________ (perhaps not expressed for several gens). Radiation is thought to cause primarily ________ mutations.
6. _______ _____ is the radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occuring in a given generation to increase to two times their original occurrence.
7. Fill in the blanks
1. Future generations
2. Chromosome
3. Spontaneous mutations, 10%
4. Mutagens, viruses, chemicals
5. Point mutations, dominant, recessive, recessive
6. Doubling Dose
7. 7%, 1.56 Sv, 14%