E3
What are the responsibilities of a Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)?
1. develop a radiation safety program
2. maintain radiation monitoring records
3. provide counselling to those who received excess limits
4. has his or her name on any sort of radioactive material
True or False: the linear non0threshold dose is conservative, but underestimates risk at a very low dose?
true
how are genetic mutations passed?
both parents have to have the defective gene to pass it down.
what is the occupational effective dose limit?
50 mSv
what is: assesses radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to workers and general public using weighting factors of whole body, partial body, and individual organ limits. A set of numeric dose limits that will reduce the risk of cancer.
effective dose limiting system.
what pathologies did the Radium girls develop?
1. osteoporosis (decalcification of bone)
2. osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer)
3. malignancies such as carcinoma of epithelial cells lining nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses.
What happened to babies in from 1940-1950?
doctors treated enlarged thymus glands with doses of 1.2-60 Gy. this causes increased cases of thyroid cancer.
What is: changes in genes caused by the loss or change in nitrogenous bases in DNA?
genetic mutations.
what is the non-occupational effective dose limit?
1. frequent radiation exposure, 1 mSv
2. infrequent radiation exposure, 5 mSv
what is the ICRP recommendation for occupational effective dose.
reduced from 50 mSv, to 20 mSv
in regard to irradiation of embryo and fetus phases, what are the early stages of development?
0.10 Gy exposure during first two weeks, may cause spontaneous abortion.
what are the benefits of epidemiologic studies?
significant cale to formulate dose response estimates to predict risk of cancer in human population exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation
what is leukemia?
neoplastic overproduction of white blood cells.
what are the benefits of occupational and non-occupational effective dose limits?
minimize risk of biologic effects of radiation.
what agency is resonsinle for employee right to know harzards at work place
OSHA
in regard to irradiation of embryo and fetus phases, what are the middle stages of development?
fetal radiosensitivity decreases as gestation progresses, 200 mSv exposure can cause possible congenital abnormalities of CNS
What is: forecasts a specific number of malignancies will occur as a result of exposure. expressed as a number of cases per million, per rad, per year. states that radiation will absolutely cause cancer?
absolute risk model.
Uranium decays and emits ________, and _______?
1. radium, which decays into radon
2. emits alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
What is: amendment made to the public health service act mandating performance standards for electronic products susceptible to electromagnetic radiation or radiation emission. led to the code of standards for diagnostic x-ray.
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act Public Law (92-602)
What is: that there exists a beneficial result in groups of individuals from continuous exposure to small amounts of radiation.
radiation hormesis.
in regard to irradiation of embryo and fetus phases, what are the late stages of development?
-late effects most common
- fetus not as radiosensitive
- fetus gaining weight and developed organs at this stage
- possible effects could be leukemia, congenital abnormalities.
what is: predicts that the number of malignancies will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population?
relative risk model
patients with post-partum mastitis have a mean dose of _______, and increased risk of _______?
1. 2.5 Gy
2. break cancer (2x normal rate, 3.2-6.3%)
what is the current radiation protection philosophy dose curve
linear non-threshold.
What are some examples of Late reactions?
1.cataracts
2.fibrosis
3.organ atrophy
4.loss of parenchymal cells
5.reduced fertility
6.Sterility