Basics
This is the 'energy station' of the cell, which converts glucose to ATP.
What is the Mitochondria?
Of 'atto' (10-18), 'femto' (10-15), or 'pico' (10-12), the time scale of a high-speed electron to pass a DNA molecule.
What is an attosecond?
The DDR is the acronym for these three words (ok, two words plus another acronym!)
What is DNA Damage Response?
This type of cell death is also known as programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?
The efficiency associated with the growth of cell colonies, typically described by the process by which cells are placed on Petri dishes.
What is plating efficiency?
The cytoplasm consists of small bits of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic substances but mainly consists of this liquid.
What is water? (75-90%)
For a 6 MV beam, this is the most probable type of photon interaction in water.
What are Compton interactions?
This is the addition to a phosphate group, which can turn on/off proteins or enzymes.
What is phosphorylation?
This cell death is controlled by a large number of genes which result in engulfing the cytoplasmic components of the cell.
I'm so hungry I could eat myself.
What is autophagy?
The spleen and this large organ in the thorax are often used to detect cancer growth in mouse models for tumor colony assays.
What is the lung?
This '-ome' found inside the cell contains RNA and is a site for protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
The approximate rise in temperature from delivering 5 Gy. (if you're within an order of magnitude, give yourself a point!)
What is approximately 10-3 oC?
When repairing a double-strand break, there are two repair pathways: Homologous Repair and this.
What is non-homologous end joining?
For this type of cell death, the nucleus clumps up and the cell membrane losses permeability.
"We're under attack!"
What is necrosis?
The theory of cell killing where a *single* sensitive *target* struck by radiation leads to cell death.
What is single-target single-hit inactivation / target theory?
This cell cycle phase is also known as the resting phase, where the cell has left the cell cycle and stopped dividing.
What is the Go phase?
High-energy particles transmit most of their energy to these molecules in the body.
What is water?
Unlike double-strand breaks, these types of breaks in the DNA happen more frequently after irradiation.
What are single strand breaks?
While mitotic catastrophe occurs when cells enter mitosis, there are checkpoints in this phase of the cell cycle which help prevent it from happening.
What is the G2 phase (also acceptable is during mitosis phase itself).
The linear quadratic model uses these two Greek letters to characterize dose-response.
What are alpha and beta?
These '-tones' are 'historically' found inside the coils of DNA strands.
What are histones?
Chemically induced changes from radiation often are due to these 'crazy' things.
What are free radicals?
When nucleotides are not matched correctly after DNA damage response, the nucleotides are referred to as this kind of repair.
What is a mismatched repair?
The phenomena, or 'effect,' of observed cell death in adjacent cells when adjacent cells receive radiation.
What is the By-Stander Effect?
Low-dose hypersensitivity can be modeled by adding a single additional (cubic) parameter to this standard dose-response model.
What is the linear-quadratic dose response model?