Chapter 2 and 4
List the three standards of measurement.
1. time
2. length
3. mass
In solid objects, only ________ charges can move.
Negative
Electrical current is defined as the ____ of flow of electricity.
Rate
List the three essential conditions for x-ray production.
1. source of free electrons
2. means of acceleration
3. means of suddenly decelerating electrons
At shorter distances, the anode heel effect is ______ concentrated.
More
The term of ______ describes the changing of one element into another by radioactive decay.
Transmutation
High energies on the electromagnetic spectrum tend to behave like _______.
Particles
The total number of electrons used for a particular x-ray exposure is controlled by the ________ set at the console of the x-ray machine.
mAs
Wobbling of the anode, or etching or pitting of its surface destroys the effective focal spot and results in extreme loss of image ______.
Resolution/Sharpness
When body parts of graduating thickness are radiographed, it is always best to place the _______ end of the anatomy toward the anode bevel surface.
Thinnest
The lowest possible energy state of an atomic nucleus is called its ________ state.
Ground
Electrification by _____ occurs when a charged object creates a charge in another object nearby without directly touching it.
Induction
For a three-phase, 6-pulse x-ray machine, the average voltage is about _____% of the kVp set.
91
Higher levels of kVp increase the number of ________ interactions which a high-speed projectile electron can undergo in series within the anode.
Bremsstrahlung
The effect of filtration increasing the average energy of the x-ray beam is referred to as _______ ______.
Beam Hardening
________ bonding occurs whenever two atoms come together because they both have a "defect" of an odd number of electrons.
Covalent
For an exchange of electrons to take place, it is not necessary that one object be negatively charged and the other positively charged - only that there is a ___________ __________.
Potential Difference
For heating of the x-ray tube filament to extremely high temperatures which begin to "boil" electrons off, a high-________ current is needed to generate a great deal of friction.
Amperage
When an electron falls from an outer orbit down into an inner orbit, a characteristic x-ray is produced from the loss of ________ energy.
Potential
The only image quality affected by focal spot size is ________.
Sharpness/Spatial Resolution
List the four fundamental forces in the universe.
1. Gravity
2. Weak Nuclear Force
3. Electromagnetism
4. Strong Nuclear Force
__________ are used in nuclear medicine and radiation therapy.
Gamma Rays
The surge of electricity discharged from the capacitor is used to activate a(n) ______ which pulls the switch in the main circuit open to terminate the exposure.
Electromagnet
The ______ absorption resulting from a heterogenous x-ray beams provides _____ contrast to the projected image carried by the remnant beam and makes the radiographic image possible.
differential; subject
List the three determining factors for x-ray beam penetration, all of which affect the average energy of the beam.
1. kVp
2. Generator power
3. Filtration