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This is considered the most significant late stochastic effect resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation
What is cancer?
This science deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population to determine irradiation-related malignancy rates
What is epidemiology?
This is the process where healthy cells transform into nonstandard cells that divide uncontrollably
What is carcinogenesis?
These long-term results of radiation exposure include cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations
What are late effects?
This graphical mapping shows the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose received
What is a dose-response (DR) curve?
Under the LNT curve, if the absorbed dose is doubled, this happens to the biologic response probability
What is it also doubles?
This type of radiation, used in diagnostic radiology, is the focus of the BEIR committee's study on low-dose stochastic effects
What is low-LET radiation?
In this specific type of effect, the probability of occurrence depends on the received dose, but the severity does not
What is a stochastic effect?
This S-shaped (nonlinear) threshold curve is generally used in radiation therapy to show high-dose cellular responses in specific tissues
What is the sigmoid curve?
This specific model proclaims that no radiation dose can be considered absolutely "safe," as effects increase directly with the magnitude of the dose
What is the linear nonthreshold (LNT) relationship?
This late effect of radiation is classified as a tissue reaction rather than a stochastic event
What is cataractogenesis (or cataract formation)?
This model estimates that a specific number of malignancies will occur as a result of exposure, regardless of the natural incidence of cancer in a population.
What is the absolute risk model?
Acute reactions such as skin erythema and hematologic depression are demonstrated graphically through this specific type of curve
What is a linear threshold (LT) DR curve?
This specific period of pregnancy is considered the most crucial for radiation safety because the developing central nervous system and sensory organs contain a large number of stem cells
What is the first trimester?
This model, supported by studies of atomic bomb survivors, predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with age
What is the relative risk model?
Under the National Academy of Sciences, this committee studies the biological effects of ionizing radiation and issues risk estimate reports
What is the BEIR Committee?
This concept is defined as the radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations in a given generation to increase to two times their original occurrence
What is the doubling dose?
This acronym describes a curve where the equation depends on both the dose to the first power and the dose squared
What is LQNT (linear-quadratic nonthreshold)?
Currently, there is no conclusive proof that absorbed doses of low-LET radiation below this specific level cause a significant increase in malignancy risk
What is 0.1 Gy (or 10 rads)?
Because of its large relative biologic effectiveness (RBE), this specific type of ionizing radiation is exceptionally efficient in producing cataracts
What is neutron radiation?
This committee estimated that for every rem (0.01 Sv) of fetal dose, there is an increased radiation risk of 3 chances per 1,000 children for fetal effects
What is UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation)?
Radiation is thought to primarily cause this type of point mutation, which usually requires both parents to possess the same genetic defect to be expressed in offspring
What are recessive mutations?
This substance was administered to children after the Chernobyl disaster to inhibit the thyroid gland's uptake of radioactive iodine
What is potassium iodide (KI)?
These three health concerns are presumed to follow the LQNT (linear-quadratic non-threshold) dose-response curve
What are leukemia, breast cancer, and heritable damage?
Occurring 0 to 9 days after conception, this stage of gestation is when radiation exposure of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt will cause embryonic death but not malformations
What is the preimplantation stage?