Rational Choice Theory descends from this historical school of criminological thought.
What is classical criminology?
100
A method that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings.
What is situational crime prevention?
100
The theory that criminal sanctions should be powerful enough to deter law violators from ever repeating their criminal acts.
What is specific deterrence?
100
An effect that occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations.
What is discouragement?
100
Marijuana users substituted K2, which was not yet illegal, to avoid arrest and prosecution.
What is replacement?
200
Italian scholar who argued that crime could be controlled by fear of punishment that was swift, certain, public, and proportionate.
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
200
People who serve as guardians of property or people.
What are crime discouragers?
200
The name for repetition of criminal behavior after release from prison or jail; re-offending.
What is recidivism?
200
An effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply redirect offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.
What is displacement?
200
Adding new streetlights in Harlem brought down criminal activity in neighboring Washington Heights.
What is discouragement?
300
Sociologist Jack Katz defined these as the immediate benefits or inducements that draw people into law violations.
What are the seductions of crime?
300
A method of crime prevention that aims to deter potential law violators that the pains associated with crime outweigh the benefits.
What is general deterrence?
300
The idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses.
What is the incapacitation effect?
300
An effect that occurs when crime reduction programs produce a positive short-term effect, but benefits dissipate as offenders adjust to new conditions.
What is extinction?
300
The new security cameras installed in the shopping mall parking lot were intended to cut down on nighttime robberies but also helped reduce incidents of vandalism.
What is diffusion?
400
The view that potential offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit a criminal act.
What is offender-specific crime?
400
The three qualities of effective punishment according to general deterrence theory.
What are certainty, severity, and swiftness?
400
Presenters speaking at high schools about the criminal penalties for certain behavior would be an example of this theory in action.
What is general deterrence?
400
An effect that occurs when criminals try new behaviors they previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs have neutralized their crime of choice.
What is replacement?
400
Robberies dropped when the cameras were first installed, but increased again once offenders learned where the blind spots were.
What is extinction?
500
The principle named in "Growth of Incarceration in the U.S." that corresponds with the idea that punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
What is parsimony?
500
The failure of this policy to deter murder has brought general deterrence theory, particularly its focus on severity, under criticism.
What is the death penalty?
500
The correlation between incarceration and recidivism, and the fact the people tend to "age out" of crime, brings this crime control strategy under strong scrutiny.
What is incapacitation?
500
An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.
What is diffusion?
500
The mall added security cameras and floodlights to its parking lot, so offenders started targeting the mall across town instead.