Cardiology
blocks K+ channels involved in cardiac repolarisation, increases refractory period
What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone/Class III antiarrhythmics?
<100mL urine output/day
What is anuria?
Obstructive, reduced FEV1:FEV, improves by 12% with bronchdilator
What are the findings on spirometry in asthma?
Shigella, salmonella, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli
What are common infectious causes of bloody diarrhoea?
Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?
1. Aldosterone release
2. Increased ADH release
3. Vasoconstriction (efferent arteriole, systemically)
What are the effects of ATII
Myoglobinuria, excess betroot, menstruation
What are mimics of haematuria?
What are the boundaries of the triangle of safety?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis in ulcerative colitis and cholelithiasis in crohn's
What are the hepatobiliary complications of IBD?
protamine sulfate
What is the reversal agent for unfractionated heparin?
1st: beta blockers (A-M), non-dihydropyridine CCB (verapamil)
2nd: amiodarone, digoxin
Clear cell, papillary, chromophobic
What are the subtypes of RCC?
Autoimmune attack of neuromuscular junction leading to muscle weakness
What is Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
Pegylated interferon-a or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
What is the pharmacological management of HBV?
Snowstorm appearance
Calcification on valves, signs of septic emboli to lungs
What are the chest xray findings in infective endocarditis?
Composed of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Normally forms secondary to UTI
What are struvite stones?
chronic productive coughing for 3+ months in at least 2 consecutive years
What is the clinical diagnostic criteria for chronic bronchitis?
Age x AST / platelet count x root ALT
What is the FIB-4 index?
1/10 the strength of morphine, works on mu opioid receptors and inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and seratonin
What is the mechanism of action of tramadol?
Type II/III hypersensitivity reaction involving IgG against heparin-PF4 complex
HITT pathophysiology
inner longitudinal, outer circular (opposite to gut), with additional outer longitudinal in lower third
What comprises the muscularis layer of the ureters?
What is the link between smoking and adenocarcinoma?
Apple core sign on barium swallow
What are the radiological findings for oesophageal spasm?
downregulation of sertaonin autoreceptors
What accounts for the delayed efficacy of SSRIs in MDD?