Lab values
How should the therapist interpret a lecithin-to-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio of 2:1?
The presence of lung maturity
Which of the following conditions increase the risk for developing RDS?
I. Maternal diabetes
II. Cesarean delivery
III. Multiple births
A child who demonstrates head bobbing, nasal flaring, and grunting is exhibiting signs of
Respiratory distress
What radiographic features is the therapist likely to see on a typical chest X-ray of an infant with MAS?
Patchy areas of atelectasis
When should a therapist consider CPAP for a newborn with respiratory distress?
FIO2 >40 to 70% and SPO2 <85%
pH < 7.3
PaCO2 > 50-60 mm Hg
criteria used to define ventilatory and hypoxemic dysfunction in patients who may need intubation
Which of the following risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD?
I. Lung immaturity
II. Respiratory failure
III. Oxygen supplementation
IV. Positive-pressure ventilation
The therapist has completed a 1-minute Apgar score. The following evaluations were obtained:
(I) the infant is pale;
(II) the heart rate is 90 beats/minute;
(III) the respiratory effort is irregular;
(IV) some muscle tone is noted; and
(V) no response to nasal suctioning is found.
On the basis of these findings, what Apgar score should be assigned to this neonate?
3
The therapist is reviewing the chest radiograph of a newborn, preterm infant and observes diffuse, fine, reticulogranular densities, which provide a ground-glass appearance. On the basis of these radiographic findings, which of the following conditions should the therapist suspect is present?
RDS
A newborn suspected of having a pneumothorax is rapidly deteriorating. What should the therapist suggest at this time?
Needle aspiration
A therapist is monitoring a child on the mechanical ventilator who is hemodynamically stable. The PetCO2 is 48 mm Hg. If accurate, what should be the PaCO2?
50-53mmhg
Which of the following conditions is consistent with the presence of a scaphoid abdomen in a newborn with tachypnea?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
The respiratory therapist is treating a hypoxemic child with a nasal cannula at 2 L/min. However, after few hours the child becomes tachypneic, demonstrates shallow breathing, and becomes hypoxemic. What should the therapist do at this time?
Switch to a venti
While reviewing the chest X-ray of a newborn, the therapist observes the following features:
Pulmonary vascular congestion
Prominent perihilar streaking
Fluid in the interlobular fissures
Hyperexpansion
Flat diaphragm
Which of the following conditions does this patient likely have?
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
What are therapy options to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia
I. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation
II. Gastrointestinal tract decompression III. Thoracostomy tube insertion if necessary
PaO2 <60 needs what
Supplemental O2
A newborn is brought to the emergency room for difficulty breathing. The mother of the baby reports constant drooling, coughing, and episodes of cyanosis. What should the therapist suspect this condition is?
Esophageal atresia
The RRT is evaluating a child in the emergency department who displays the following signs: inability to cry, ineffective cough, high-pitched inspiratory sound, and cyanosis. What should the therapist suspect?
Severe or complete airway obstruction
RRT is examining the radiograph of a neonate and notices a structure projecting away from the mediastinum toward the right upper lung. It looks like a sail with a sharp inferior margin and lateral margins with wavy contours. Which of the following structures is the therapist observing?
Thymus
What intervention should the therapist perform when an infant is born with choanal atresia?
OPA
During resuscitating a term newborn the heart rate falls to 55 beats per minute. What is the best course of action?
Administer IV or ET epinephrine
Which of the following conditions are associated with preeclampsia?
Proteinuria, Generalized edema, and Hypertension
During a physical examination of a child’s chest, the therapist perceives increased tactile fremitus over the patient’s right lower lobe. Which of the following conditions may cause this physical sign?
Pulmonary consolidation
A therapist is viewing frontal and lateral neck X-rays of a 12-month-old child and notices what is described as the “steeple” or “church steeple” sign, What condition does this child have?
Laryngotracheobronchitis "croup"
What are the main components of traditional airway clearance techniques?
Postural drainage, Percussion, and Coughing