A
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words underlined:
The goods carried by the ship that sank were never found, but the people on board were saved.
We drag my bike out, giggling, and weave between the fragile dunes, emerging to find the tide low and the beach reinvented after yesterday’s storm. There’s been a great upheaval and something large is lying on the sand. I don’t know yet that it is, or was, a ship – wrecked in 1895 on a treacherous sandbank in a gale. Its crew was rescued, but its cargo was lost.
(Its) crew (was/were) rescued (but)
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words underlined:
It is not unusual for the narrator to discover everyday items that have been thrown away without thought on the beach.
I often find scrap metal and glass here – mostly rubbish, carelessly discarded, but one time the unusual colour of an object intrigued us. We tried pulling it out, carefully digging sand away with our hands, but it was stuck fast, part of some bigger, bulkier thing, and wouldn’t budge. Charlie stopped digging and stood back to reassess. ‘It’s a car,’ he said tracing the familiar curve of a door.
carelessly discarded
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words underlined:
Previously, vehicles were allowed on the beach.
Until recently, cars were permitted on every part of this special shore. When restrictions were introduced, limiting the area accessible by vehicle and charging entry during summer months, there was indignation from disgruntled visitors. I suppose there will inevitably be some people who don’t understand why conservation matters.
(were) permitted (on)
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the bolded word:
The bus company was still really helpful after the bus had been sold.
"This bus, our bus, had already covered many kilometres of faithful service before Roger purchased it second‑hand. We’d each answered Roger’s advert to travel around the world on this bouncing beast. We all had regular professions back home – a chef, a nurse and so on – and had come together to share an experience. We’d taken delivery of a 1955 green double‑decker and decided to paint it red, the typical image of English buses. The bus company remained very supportive, including sending spares out whenever we encountered a mechanical crisis."
remained very supportive
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the bolded word:
The writer and their fellow travellers showed incredible immaturity to think that they could make such a journey without mishap.
"We needed luck and to work together. Most of all we needed the bus to overcome conditions that it had never experienced in years of commercial service. The six of us who lasted the whole trip were two years older when we returned. Looking back, we displayed breath‑taking naivety in assuming that we’d not be left stranded somewhere with no money and no hope of getting home."
(we) displayed breath-taking naivety
Using your own words, explain what the text means by: ‘typically offer’
Fast food, mass‑produced food products designed for quick and efficient preparation and distribution, is perhaps most associated with chain restaurants that typically offer take‑out and drive‑through services, as convenience is prioritised. Common fast foods include burgers, pizza and burritos.
- usually / generally / commonly / customarily / normally / ordinarily / most likely / often
- provide / supply / (are) available / give / have
Using your own words, explain what the text means by: ‘convenience is prioritised’
Fast food, mass‑produced food products designed for quick and efficient preparation and distribution, is perhaps most associated with chain restaurants that typically offer take‑out and drive‑through services, as convenience is prioritised. Common fast foods include burgers, pizza and burritos.
- ease / practical(ity) / speed / accessibility
• given more importance / rated higher / considered vital / favoured / number one / top concern / main focus / put first
Using your own words, explain what the writer means by the bolded word.
It’s difficult to envisage how cut off from our previous lives we were back then. Mobile phones and emails weren’t yet invented. There was no internet linking different countries and cultures. To phone home was expensive and public phones weren’t easy to find. I was away two years and managed to phone home twice.
visualise / picture / imagine
Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words underlined:
The boys and their mother have to pass through and around the delicate hills of sand to get access to the beach.
We drag my bike out, giggling, and weave between the fragile dunes, emerging to find the tide low and the beach reinvented after yesterday’s storm. There’s been a great upheaval and something large is lying on the sand. I don’t know yet that it is, or was, a ship – wrecked in 1895 on a treacherous sandbank in a gale. Its crew was rescued, but its cargo was lost.
(and) weave (between the)
What are burgers, pizzas and burritos examples of, according to the text?
Fast food, mass‑produced food products designed for quick and efficient preparation and distribution, is perhaps most associated with chain restaurants that typically offer take‑out and drive‑through services, as convenience is prioritised. Common fast foods include burgers, pizza and burritos.
(common) fast food(s)
Give two different reasons why people are critical of fast food according to the following text.
Critics say the production of fast food often subordinates quality to efficiency, affordability and profit. Fast‑food products are often highly processed and may contain artificial preservatives in addition to high levels of salts, refined grains and sugars; thus, the term ‘fast food’ has also come to carry negative connotations regarding health.
hype / sensationalised / deliberately setting out to shock
unscientific approach / one case study only / just one person’s experience
Identify two environmental concerns linked to the increased popularity of fast food.
Exponential growth has impacted both fast‑food and allied industries. Fast‑food chains are often cited as the biggest buyers in the world of the key products they use, with high demand encouraging ‘factory farming’ – considered by many to be an inhumane and environmentally unsustainable way of producing food. A recent surge in customer volume at fast‑food drive‑throughs has brought with it further unpleasant side effects, including more traffic congestion and longer wait times for customers, with some restaurants opting to reduce menus to speed things up.
- farming (methods) / factory farming / unsustainable way of producing food
- increased traffic / traffic congestion
Explain how drive-throughs selling fast food have already tried to reduce waiting times for customers. [Mention 3 ideas]
As technology has evolved, self‑order kiosks in many restaurants now allow customers to order and pay for their food more efficiently on a screen. Some drive‑throughs have already implemented mobile ordering, which eliminates waiting altogether by enabling customers to order ahead on their own device and pick up their food at a dedicated mobile‑order lane. Increased automation may play a major role in the future: smart menu boards that incorporate AI could one day identify drivers, predict and take their orders.
• reduced menu(s)
• self-order kiosks / order and pay onscreen (in restaurant)
• mobile ordering / mobile ordering lane / order online / order on own device
Explain how fast-food restaurants are trying to improve the image of their product. [Mention 3 ideas]
Today fast‑food restaurants, despite pledging to reduce emissions, have an image problem: they saturate cities, stifling competition, and are thought to reduce access to nutritious food in some urban areas. No wonder they spend billions on advertising! Aware of the ethical issues associated with the term ‘fast food’, some restaurants have shifted the language around their service models – for example, adopting descriptors such as ‘fast‑crafted’ or ‘quick‑service’ restaurant.
• promising to do something about their emissions / pledging to reduce emissions
• spend large amounts of money on advertising / pay billions for advertising
• rebranding / changing language they use to describe it / using new terms like ‘fast-crafted’ / call it ‘quick service’ instead / use language to detract from ethical issues