Reasoning
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Logical Fallacies
Inductive versus Deductive Reasoning
100
He is the "father" of reasoning.
Aristotle
Aristotelian logic, after a great and early triumph, consolidated its position of influence to rule over the philosophical world throughout the Middle Ages up until the 19th Century. All that changed in a hurry when modern logicians embraced a new kind of mathematical logic and pushed out what they regarded as the antiquated and clunky method of syllogisms. Although Aristotle’s very rich and expansive account of logic differs in key ways from modern approaches, it is more than a historical curiosity. It provides an alternative way of approaching logic and continues to provide critical insights into contemporary issues and concerns. The main thrust of this article is to explain Aristotle’s logical system as a whole while correcting some prominent misconceptions that persist in the popular understanding and even in some of the specialized literature. Before getting down to business, it is important to point out that Aristotle is a synoptic thinker with an over-arching theory that ties together all aspects and fields of philosophy. He does not view logic as a separate, self-sufficient subject-matter, to be considered in isolation from other aspects of disciplined inquiry. Although we cannot consider all the details of his encyclopedic approach, we can sketch out the larger picture in a way that illuminates the general thrust of his system. For the purposes of this entry, let us define logic as that field of inquiry which investigates how we reason correctly (and, by extension, how we reason incorrectly). Aristotle does not believe that the purpose of logic is to prove that human beings can have knowledge. (He dismisses excessive scepticism.) The aim of logic is the elaboration of a coherent system that allows us to investigate, classify, and evaluate good and bad forms of reasoning.
100
This persuasive appeal is connected with emotion.
What is pathos.
100
This fallacy states the following:
"Logical fallacy in which the writer makes the assumption that if one thing is allowed, it will be the first step in a downward spiral" ("What you should know about written English," 1998).
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/other/dictionary.html#ad
What is slippery slope.
100
Often called "top down thinking," this type of logic involves two premises and a conclusion.
What is deductive logic.
200
This contains two premises that follow a conclusion in order to "check" logic.
What is a syllogism.
Valid example:
All humans are selfish-(Premise 1)
Confucius is a human-(Premise 2)
Confucius is selfish-(Conclusion)
200
This persuasive appeal is linked with reasoning.
What is logic.
200
"logical fallacy in which the writer attacks the person who presents the issue rather than deal logically with the issue itself," ("What You Should Know About Written English," 1998).
What is ad hominem.
200
Often called "bottom up thinking," this type of logic involves "testing a hypothesis" (Trochim, 2020).
Trochim, William M.K. . (2020). Research Methods Knowledge Base. https://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/deduction-and-induction/
What is inductive reasoning.
300
These are the three methods of persuasion.
Ethos, logos, and pathos
He famously distinguishes, for example, between three means of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. As we read, at the beginning of his Rhetoric: “Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. . . . [Firstly,] persuasion is achieved by the speaker’s personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible. . . . Secondly, persuasion may come through the hearers, when the speech stirs their emotions. . . . Thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved [the point] by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question.” (Rhetoric, I.2.1356a2-21, Roberts.) https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-log/#H16
300
This persuasive appeal is connected to trustworthiness and word choice.
What is Ethos.
300
"logical fallacy in which the writer uses the argument that because everyone believes in something, it must be true" ("What You Should Know About Written English, 1998).
Bandwagon appeal