Patho of Huntington's Disease
Patho of Multiple Sclerosis
Patho of Parkinson's Disease
Patho of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Pharmacology!!
100
What are the chances of an affected parent passing the huntington's gene to their children?
50%
100
What is Relapsing Remitting MS?
Characterized by unpredictable but clearly defined episodes during which new symptoms appear, or existing ones get worse
100
Parkinson’s disease involves the deterioration of the __________ producing neurons in the ___________ ___________ of the midbrain, which disrupts the normal balance of __________ and ______________ in the basal ganglia.
Dopamine, substantia nigra, dopamine and acetylcholine
100
What are the three types of ALS?
Sporadic, Familial, Bulbar
100
What are the different types of antidepressants?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/SSRI, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors/SNRI, Tricyclic antidepressants/TCA, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MAOIs
200
Death usually occurs _________ years after onset of symptoms
10-20
200
What are common complications for MS, name 3?
Vertigo, bladder dysfunction and infection, cognitive impairment, depression, difficulty speaking, fatigue and fatigability, gait, incoordination, bipolar affective disorder, optic neuritis, pain, sensory impairment, numbness/tingling, spasms
200
What are some complications/clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease?
Tremors, pin rolling motion, rigidity, bradykinesia (loss of automatic movements), difficulty swallowing, pneumonia, UTIs, skin breakdown, gait consists of rapid, short mini steps
200
What is an established risk factor for sporadic ALS?
Smoking
200
Anticholinergics inhibit the _____________ nerve impulses. Which is responsible for ___________ movements of the ____________ muscles.
Parasympathetic, involuntary, smooth
300
What brain structure(s) does Huntington's Disease degenerate?
Basal Ganglia (specifically the caudate and putamen nuclei and the frontal cerebral cortex)
300
Characteristics of MS include chronic ___________, disseminated (dispersed) _____________, and gliosis (scarring) of nerve fibers of the ________, ________ _________, and _________ _________
inflammation, demyelination, brain, spinal cord, optic nerves
300
300: How can Parkinson’s disease be diagnosed?
No specific diagnosis, based on history and clinical features. 2 out of 3 characteristic signs present give firm diagnosis. Positive response to antiparkinsonian drugs.
300
What are three complimentary methods of treatment for ALS?
Acupuncture, hypnosis, massage, herbal remedies, OTC medications for pain and constipation, stem cell therapy
300
What are some examples of anti-spasmodics?
Diazepam (Valium), Baclofen (Lioresal), Dantrolene (Dantrium), Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
400
What are two of the three types of medications that can be used to treat the symptoms of Huntington's Disease?
antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antichorea drugs
400
What is diagnosis of MS primarily based on? (History, clinical manifestations, and the presence of multiple lesions over time as measured by MRI)
History, clinical manifestations, and the presence of multiple lesions over time as measured by MRI
400
What types of drugs can be used in drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease?
Antiparkinsonian drugs, anticholinergic drugs, antihistamine drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors
400
What are four clinical manifestations/compilations of ALS?
Respiratory infections, dysarthria (difficulty speaking), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), general weakness, depression, constipation, joint/muscle pain
400
What are 3 (or more) adverse effects of immunosuppressants?
Heightened susceptibility to opportunistic infections, neurotoxicity (tremors), hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, agitation anxiety, confusion
500
The repetition of which trinucleotide chain causes Huntington's disease and how many repetitions have to occur for a mutation to take place?
Trinucleotide: CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) and 40-70 repititions
500
What are some nursing interventions to deal with urinary dysfunction associated with MS (2 or 3)?
Administration of cholinergic drugs or anticholinergic drugs, use intermittent catheterization, use Credé manoeuvre (applying manual pressure to the suprapubic area) or reflex stimulation to empty bladder, ensure fluid intake of 3000 mL/day to reduce risk of urinary infection and dilute urine, teach client the signs & symptoms of urinary tract infection, begin a bladder retraining program
500
What surgical therapies are available? (Ablation (destruction), deep brain stimulation, and transplantation)
Ablation (destruction), deep brain stimulation, and transplantation
500
Motor neurons in the _____ and ______ begin to degenerate and can no longer _______. (Brainstem, spinal cord, carry productive nerve signals to the muscles)
Brainstem/spinal cord, carry productive nerve signals to the muscles
500
What are the Immunomodulators effects on the immune system?
Restore its function if it is impaired, augment (amplify) the immune system’s ability to function, inhibit the immune system
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