Lifespan Theories
This type of development suggests growth occurs in distinct stages with abrupt change
What is discontinuous development
From conception to birth, development moves through three periods—name them in order.
What are the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods?
Food causing salivation is an example of this type of stimulus.
What is an unconditioned stimulus
A teacher tells the class, “If you follow the rules all week, you’ll have no homework this weekend”. This strategy is called what?
What is negtive reinforcement
The nondeclarative memory system that supports habits and motor skills rather than facts and events.
What is procedural memory
Developmental psychologists study changes across the lifespan in these three developmental domains.
What is phsycial, cognitive, and psychosocial?
Between ages 3–5, children begin to understand that others have different thoughts and beliefs—a skill called what?
What is theory of mind?
A child who was afraid of the vacuum cleaner after a loud, frightening experience, eventually stops showing fear after the vacuum cleaner is no longer in their life. Months later, the child sees a vacuum cleaner and has a fearful reaction. What has this demonstrated?
What is spontaneous recovery?
A dog crosses the property line and receives an electric shock from the collar; as a result, leaving the yard happens less often. This consequence illustrates what?
What is positive punishment
It's week one of the new quarter, but you keep showing up to last quarters classes by mistake. Name the memory problem.
What is proactive interference?
College students born after the proliferation of smrt phones score lower on “face-to-face emotion reading” than students born a decade earlier, even when tested at the same age. Researchers think the difference is due to growing up with screens.This phenomenon is called what?
What are cohort effects?
In the Strange Situation, a 12-month-old becomes extremely distressed when the caregiver leaves, then both seeks contact and angrily resists it at reunion—hard to soothe and reluctant to explore. Name the attachment style.
What is anxious attachmet?
A teen once felt anxious when hearing a specific school bell after a bad exam. After months of hearing that bell during ordinary classes, the anxiety fades. What process occurred?
What is extinction?
A coffee shop gives a free drink after 12 purchases—the punch card resets each time. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
What is fixed ratio
Grouping digits of a phone number into (3–3–4) lets you remember more with the same STM capacity. This strategy is called what?
What is chunking?
Ava and Leo carry a variant linked to higher depression risk. After a supportive coach and close friends, Ava thrives; Leo, who faced chronic bullying, develops major depression. This difference despite the same risk allele is an example of what?
What is gene–environment interaction?
Logical reasoning about concrete objects appears in middle childhood, while abstract, hypothetical reasoning emerges in adolescence—name the two Piagetian stages.
What are the concrete operational and formal operational stages?
A dog salivates to a 500 Hz tone but not to a 2000 Hz tone after training. What is this phenomenon called?
What is stimulus discrimination?
A teacher’s praise (“Great job!”) increases a child’s on-task behavior after being associated with attention and privileges. This praise is what type of reinforcer?
What is a secondary reinforcer
Because stress hormones modulate how strongly emotional events are stored, this emotion-processing structure helps deepen encoding of arousing experiences.
What is the amygdala?
This theorist developed the Psychosocial theory of deevelopment.
Who is Erik Erikson?
A 7-year-old can’t write a persuasive paragraph alone, but when her teacher gives a sentence starter, models one example, and asks guiding questions, she produces a solid paragraph—according to Lev Vygotsky, this occurs within the child’s what?
What is their zone of proximal development
Dr. Walsh is interested in seeing whether symptoms of depression can be manipulated using principles of classical conditioning. For several weeks of an experiment, he gives a group of patients a sweetened soda that has a mood-enhancing drug in it and notices that symptoms of depression improve significantly. Then, he removes the drug from the beverage and notices that the symptoms are still improved when the patients consume the soda. What is the conditioned stimulus in Dr. Walsh’s experiment?
What is the sweetened soda?
A student sees a classmate praised for turning in work early and starts submitting assignments early too—without receiving praise yet.What is this process called?
What is vicarious reinforcement
Most Americans can’t accurately draw the front of a U.S. penny—even though they’ve seen thousands—because they never stored the details to begin with. Name the problem.
What is encoding failure?