Vocab
Segregate (Segregation)
These codes were the precursor to a much later series of laws meant to take away African American Rights
Black Codes
This organization was set up in order to help African Americans adjust to life after slavery
Freedman's Bureau
These sorts of exams were issued to African Americans, most of which were impossible to actually pass
Literacy tests
Johnson notoriously opposed this group of people, believing they were not ready for equal rights or the right to vote
African Americans
Republicans in Congress during Reconstruction were called this, meaning very extreme, for believing in equal rights for African Americans
Radical Republicans
Thirteenth Amendment does this, accomplished by an earlier law issued during the Civil War after the Battle of Antietam that did this, but in the South
Ban slavery
These laws set up segregation in the South, essentially undoing most of the progress made during Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
These fees were only issued to African Americans who wanted to vote, most of which could not afford them
Poll taxes
Despite Johnson telling people not to vote for them, the vote of these two groups of people gave the Republicans an overwhelming majority in the South
Carpetbaggers and African Americans
Northerners who came to the South during this time were called this, after the cheap bags that they carried with them
Carpetbaggers
Fifteenth Amendment does this, which later laws eventually made it very hard for African Americans to do
Guaranteed the right to vote for African Americans
Lincolns plan, very lenient and only requiring 10% of the population to swear an oath of loyalty to the government
Ten Percent Plan
These laws were built into state constitutions, allowing only those who grandfathers had voted in an election to vote
Grandfather clauses
Johnson did this to the Wade-Davis Bill and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, meaning to decline it. Congress manages to overturn this with a two-thirds majority
Vetoed
Southerners who supported Reconstruction were called this, a term for an idiot or distrustful person
Scallywags
The Fourteenth Amendment accomplishes this, making sure they could not take away this without due process of the law
Guarantee citizenship
Congress' plan for Reconstruction was more harsh, forcing the majority of voters to swear an oath and banning anybody who fought in the war from voting. State constitutions also had to expressly ban slavery
Wade-Davis Bill
Southern Democrats and wealthy plantation owners supported this group, who often intimidated and lynched African Americans. Even white southerners were too afraid to testify against them
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Congress will bring these proceedings against Johnson, accusing him of violating the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson will survive by one vote
Impeachment
The Democrats who came back to the South after Reconstruction were called this, believing they had saved the South from northern corruption
Redeemers
This law, passed in response to the Black Codes, made it so Confederate leaders were banned from the government, forced southern states to guarantee African American voting rights and have Congress approve their constitutions
The First Reconstruction Act
This Supreme Court Case established the principle of "Separate but equal" essentially saying that segregation was constitutional
Plessy v. Fergusson
Ulysses S. Grant's presidency was plagued by this, losing him support and lead up to the collapse of Reconstruction
Corruption and scandals
When Andrew Johnson tries to fire this man, he violates the Tenure of Office Act, leading Congress to radical measures
Edward Stanton