Jim Crow Laws
What were Jim Crow laws designed to enforce?
Segregation
In what year did the Supreme Court decide Plessy v. Ferguson?
1896
What requirement was added in the 1879 Louisiana Constitution?
Poll tax
Who believed African Americans should focus on vocational training first?
Booker T. Washington.
Name Louisiana’s first HBCU, founded in 1881.
Southern University.
Define “poll tax.”
A fee required to vote.
Name one place that was segregated under Jim Crow.
Schools, trains, restaurants, etc.
What principle was established by the ruling?
“Separate but equal.”
Which clause was designed to protect poor white voters in 1898?
Grandfather clause.
Who promoted the “Talented Tenth” to lead the fight for equality?
W. E. B. Du Bois.
Which HBCU is the only Catholic one in the U.S.?
Xavier University.
What is a “suffragist”?
Women’s voting rights activist
Why was “separate but equal” never truly equal?
Facilities for African Americans were underfunded and inferior.
Who wrote the lone dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Justice John Marshall Harlan.
Name one way the 1898 Constitution disenfranchised African Americans.
Literacy tests, property requirements, poll taxes.
Which activist led an anti-lynching campaign?
Ida B. Wells.
Dillard University was created from the merger of which two schools?
Straight + New Orleans University
Define “accommodationist.”
Accepted segregation but hoped to change it from within
How did Jim Crow laws affect daily life for African Americans?
Humiliation & inequality
What did Harlan mean by saying the Constitution is “color-blind”?
The law should treat all citizens equally, without racial classes.
Why was voter registration for Black citizens nearly eliminated by 1900?
All restrictions combined
What organization did Mary Church Terrell co-found in 1896?
National Association of Colored Women (NACW).
Why were HBCUs necessary during the Jim Crow era?
Denied access to white colleges
What is “lynching”?
Mob murder/terror
Give one example of how African Americans resisted Jim Crow before the Civil Rights Movement.
Legal challenges or activism
How did the Plessy decision affect race relations in the United States?
Legalized segregation
Compare the 1868 and 1898 Constitutions — how did voting rights change?
868 = gained rights; 1898 = gained restrictions
Compare Washington and Du Bois’s strategies — how were they different?
Washington = gradualism; Du Bois = immediate rights
Which Louisiana HBCU became especially known for training Black pharmacists?
Xavier University.
Which Supreme Court case upheld “separate but equal”?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).