Family & Law
What was the single highest priority for newly freed man and women immediately following the war?
Reuniting with families
What institution became the second most significant, after the family, because it existed outside of white control?
The independent black church
Landownership
What percentage of black freedmen and freedwomen were illiterate at the war's end?
90 percent
What was the initial illiteracy rate among freedmen and freedwomen at the war's end?
90 percent
What did freeman pursue in court to secure Union veteran's' pensions and legitimate their children?
Legal marriages
What title did many Black women use to preach, even though they were not allowed to be full preachers
Evangelist
What was the fate of the Southern Homestead Act of 1866?
It had little impact and was repealed after ten years
Besides providing books and facilities, what essential logistical service did the Freedmen's Bureau provide for black schools?
Transporting teachers to school locations
Which major organization worked "hand in hand" with black churches to found black grade schools and high schools?
The American Missionary Association (AMA)
What heartbreaking dilemma was created when long-separated spouses finally reunited?
The choice between the former spouse and a new spouse they had since married
Name three types of support organizations that black churches helped to establish in their communities.
Mutual aid societies, hospitals, schools, clinics, and unions
What labor system replaced plantation slavery where workers farmed land for a portion of the crop and often fell into cyclical debt?
Tenancy or Sharecropping
By 1868, what proportion of teachers in black schools were themselves black?
More than half.
Where does "40 acres and a mule" come from?
Sherman's Reserve, William T. Sherman relocating African-Americans from South Carolina to Florida. Special Field Order No.15
What was the significance of former slaves adopting new last names?
It was a symbol of their independent selfhood, rejecting names assigned by masters
Which specific African-derived religious practices, often led by black women, were generally "frowned upon" by the formal black church?
Conjure and voodoo rituals
This item used Apprenticeship laws to place black children with white employers, often without parental consent?
Black Codes
What was the specific purpose of the famous Fisk Jubilee Singers?
To raise money to save Fisk University from a serious financial crisis
The financial crisis of which university led to the creation of the famous Fisk Jubilee Singers?
Fisk University
In court, how did the troubles from difficult reunions manifest?
Divorce requests, custody battles, and mothers seeking child support
What economic enterprise did the black church participate in, besides real estate and banking, to supply the community?
Furnishing religious materials (Bibles and pamphlets)
What was the significance of the 1867 court case, In re Turner?
It overturned the black apprentice law as unconstitutional because of different educational provisions for black and white youths
What is the model championed by Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee?
Vocational and industrial education
What political action by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson made black landownership very difficult, resulting in former Confederate lands being reclaimed
Promising to return Confederate lands to former owners