The Reconstruction Amendments
Ratified in December 1865, this amendment constitutionally ended slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the entire United States.
What is the 13th Amendment?
This Southern Democrat became president after Lincoln's assassination and was later the first president in U.S. history to be impeached.
Who was Andrew Johnson?
In this dominant labor system, farmers received a portion of the crops they grew as payment for working a landowner's plot.
What is sharecropping?
Under the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, the South was divided into this many military districts under martial law.
What is five?
This political deal allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president in exchange for removing federal troops from the South.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
This 1868 amendment defined citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and introduced the "equal protection of the laws" clause.
What is the 14th Amendment?
This federal agency, led by General Oliver O. Howard, established over 1,000 schools, provided medical care to over 1 million people, and negotiated over 400,000 labor contracts.
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
These discriminatory laws were passed in the South to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved people, such as their ability to own property.
What were the Black Codes?
For a Southern state to be readmitted to the Union during this phase, it was required to ratify this specific amendment.
What is the 14th Amendment?
Southern states used literacy tests, poll taxes, and this specific legal clause to circumvent the 15th Amendment.
What is a Grandfather Clause?
This amendment specifically prohibited states from denying the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".
What is the 15th Amendment?
He was the first African American ever elected to the United States Senate, representing Mississippi.
Who was Hiram Revels?
Sharecroppers frequently became "tied to the land" because they were forced to buy food and clothing on credit from these specific establishments.
What are landowners' stores?
This state was the only one in the South where the legislature held a Black majority during part of Reconstruction.
What is South Carolina?
This term was used by Southern Democrats to describe their return to political power and the end of Reconstruction.
What is Redemption? (or Redeemers)
This judicial process, which began in the 20th century, uses the 14th Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to state governments.
What is selective incorporation?
Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, this group in Congress pushed for direct federal intervention to protect Black civil rights.
Who were the Radical Republicans?
This 1873 event distracted Northern voters from Reconstruction by initiating a deep economic depression.
What was the Panic of 1873?
Congress passed these specific acts between 1870 and 1871 to combat racial terrorism and protect Black voters from the KKK.
What were the Enforcement Acts?
This 1896 Supreme Court decision famously established the "separate but equal" doctrine, legalizing segregation.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
In this 1876 case, the Supreme Court held that the First and Second Amendments did not apply to state governments, limiting the reach of the 14th Amendment.
What is U.S. v. Cruikshank?
These Northerners moved to the South after the war and were often derided by Southern critics as profiteers.
Who were Carpetbaggers?
These institutions became the primary centers for community life, education, and political organization for Black Americans following emancipation.
What were independent Black churches?
What acts outlined the requirements for states to gain readmission into the Union?
What was the Reconstruction Acts of 1867?
This violent 1873 event in Louisiana resulted in the murder of 150 Black men and was later marked by a historical sign as the "end of carpetbag misrule".
What was the Colfax Massacre?