Laundry & Bartling (2011)
Aim?
To investigate what happens when asked to carry out a dual task technique which focuses on the phonological loop.
OR
To investigate what happens when asked to carry out a dual task technique which
focuses on the phonological loop/Test the working memory model.
What is system 1 & 2 thinking?
1: Relatively fast, intuitive, emotional, seemingly automatic, minimum cognitive effort, influenced by bias and schemas.
2: Relatively slow, rational/logical therefore for calculated purposes, requiring more cognitive effort and therefore time, less influenced by bias, prejudice and schemas
aim?
Demonstrate/Investigate the effect of anchoring on estimated values of mathematics problem
What was the aim of the study?
The aim of the study was to determine whether flashbulb memories are reliable?
What two roles does this study investigate?
The role of culture in cognitive processes
The role of cultural dimensions on behaviour
What was the sample?
Thirty-four undergraduate psychology students.
How does Schema theory relate to System 1 and 2 thinking
Schemas affect one's ability to complete automatic tasks. Some of the automatic tasks are based on schemas.
Define Anchoring Biases and provide an example(s)
Anchoring Bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of info offered when making decisions. During decision making, anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of info to make subsequent judgements
what was the method of the study?
Case Study
What is flashbulb memory?
Highly detailed, vivid "snapshot" of the moments that are highly connected to emotions. Often negative in nature.
Explain the working memory model
Three-part working model that separates primary memory into four components: the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive and the episodic buffer. The Phonological loop deals with sound-based memory, Visuo-spatial with visual and spatial memory, the central executive controls cognitive processes, and the episodic buffer stores events or episodes made up of related information.
Mention two cultural considerations
Decision making is not innate. Learnt through environment and schemas
Factors of decision-making differ across multiple cultures, e.g cost of incorrect decisions, risk, reward, strength, etc.
procedure?
A character is introduced, and information is provided which should trigger the representativeness heuristics
Participants are asked whether the character is more likely to be a doctor, a police officer or a mathematics professor.
What makes this study a naturalistic study?
There was no control over the participants' behaviour between the first questionnaire and the second. They didnt know how often the memory was discussed or how often the participants were exposed to media about the event.
What did they do to increase the credibility of the study?
By using back-translations to make sure that the translations of the questionnaires are not a confounding variable
What was the research design and method
Research method: Experiment
Research design: Independent samples
What is loss aversion, and it which study did it appear?
Tendency to choose to avoid losses rather than make equivalent gains.
Kahneman and Tversky(1984)
What is the research method and design?
Research Method: Experiment
Design: Independent Samples
What is method triangulation? And which method was used?
Method Triangulation means using more than one method to collect data. Both questionnaires and interviews were used.
By giving the questionnaires in the native language of the participants.
List and explain two strengths and limitations
+ Internal validity, Supports working memory model, Replicable.
- Lacks ecological validity, sample is not representative of all cultures, might need to cross-compare with other cultures
What is the influence of emotions on thinking and decision making?
Bi-directional:
Emotions influence decision making and decision making influences emotions.
Happy people overestimate and sad underestimate
Happy are more schema based
List and explain/define 2 strengths and limitations.
Is it a longitudinal study if yes, how long was the timespan?
A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. The time span was over 2 and a half years.
What 5 countries did the participants come from?
Turkey, China, Germany, UK and USA