Alpha
The man who is standing by the door is my teacher.
The man standing by the door is my teacher.
The book that is on the table belongs to Maria.
The book on the table belongs to Maria.
Students who are studying English often watch movies in English.
Students studying English often watch movies in English.
The car that is parked outside is very expensive.
The car parked outside is very expensive.
The dog which is sleeping on the couch is mine.
The dog sleeping on the couch is mine.
People who are living in this city enjoy the weather.
People living in this city enjoy the weather.
The child who is wearing a red hat is my nephew.
The child wearing a red hat is my nephew.
The house that is facing the park was built in 1920.
The house facing the park was built in 1920.
The man who is working at the bank lives next door.
The man working at the bank lives next door.
The woman who is talking on the phone looks busy.
The woman talking on the phone looks busy.
The painting that was created by Picasso is priceless.
The painting created by Picasso is priceless.
The email which was sent this morning contains important information.
The email sent this morning contains important information.
The man who was arrested last night was released today.
The man arrested last night was released today.
The house that was damaged by the storm needs repairs.
The house damaged by the storm needs repairs.
The workers who have been trained for the job perform better.
The workers trained for the job perform better.
Files that have not been backed up may be lost.
Files not backed up may be lost.
The products which are sold at that store are handmade.
The products sold at that store are handmade.
The book that was written about the war became a bestseller.
The book written about the war became a bestseller.
The data that has been collected over the past decade reveals a clear trend.
The data collected over the past decade reveals a clear trend.
The students who had been studying all night were exhausted.
The students having studied all night were exhausted.
The man who was seen leaving the building after midnight was questioned by police.
The man seen leaving the building after midnight was questioned by police.
The device that you can use to monitor patients remotely has been approved.
The device used to monitor patients remotely has been approved.
Rule: Object relative clauses may reduce when the implied subject is general (“you/people”).
The policies that apply to employees who are working abroad are under review.
The policies applying to employees working abroad are under review.
Rule: Multiple embedded relative clauses can each be reduced if they share clear subjects.
The audience members who had been waiting for over an hour began to leave.
The audience members having waited for over an hour began to leave.
Rule: Past perfect continuous relatives may reduce to “having + past participle” to preserve prior time meaning.
The manager who was responsible for overseeing the project during its final phase resigned.
The manager responsible for overseeing the project during its final phase resigned.
Rule: “Be + adjective/noun phrase” relatives often reduce by dropping the verb entirely.