Religion
What are the three Abrahamic religions?
Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
What was the difference between the system of government used by the ancient Athenians and Roman Republic?
Athenians - direct democracy
Roman Republic - representative democracy
What are the geocentric and heliocentric theories? Who believed in and/or supported each during the Scientific Revolution?
Geocentric theory - everything revolves around the Earth; the ancient Greeks & the Catholic Church
Heliocentric theory - everything revolves around the sun, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler
What were Enlightenment thinkers known as and where did they gather to discuss their ideas?
Enlightenment thinkers were known as philosophers and gathered in salons to discuss their ideas.
Who was the individual leader of the reformation movement?
Martin Luther
What idea or concept did the Abrahamic religions introduce into laws?
Morality
What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?
direct democracy: all of the citizens vote and make decisions about issues concerning them
representative democracy: citizens vote for government officials to represent their interests and vote on their behalf
Who was responsible for formulating the laws of motion and "discovering" gravity?
Isaac Newton
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that people needed an absolute ruler to control them because of their natural tendencies towards selfish, greedy, and depraved behavior?
Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan
These 95 things, were a list of questions to create a debate about the Catholic church.
The 95 theses
How did "God" motivate the Europeans?
They wanted to spread christianity
What contributions did the classical civilizations and Abrahamic religions make to democratic ideals and society as a whole?
Classical Civilizations - direct & representative democracy as forms of government, written law codes, citizenship, individual participation in government, etc.
Abrahamic religions - morality & ethics in law codes
How did scientists during the Scientific Revolution acquire new knowledge?
By observing phenomena in nature, gathering data through experimentation, and analyzing their findings.
What Enlightenment ideas and principles did Thomas Jefferson draw upon when writing the Declaration of Independence?
-Natural rights
-The social contract
-The idea that people established governments to protect their natural rights, and that if governments didn't protect them, the people could rebel and replace their government with one that would.
Martin Luther was upset at Catholic Church leaders, because they were selling what?
Indulgences
What was the institution used by the Catholic Church to stamp out heresy (i.e. beliefs that went against church teachings) in Europe - oftentimes through torture?
The Inquisition
What was the first government of the United States known as and why was it so weak?
The first government of the United States was known as the Articles of Confederation and was purposely made weak because of the Founding Fathers' fears of a strong central government abusing its powers against the states and people.
How did the Catholic Church respond to the developments of the Scientific Revolution?
It tried to ban books it felt went against its teachings (i.e. the Index Librorum Prohibitorum) and used the Inquisition to suppress the spread of ideas it disagreed with.
Name three Enlightenment thinkers and the ideas they are best remembered for.
Hobbes
Locke
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Beccaria
Voltaire
Wollstonecraft
This invention helped spread Martin Luther's message. Please list the invention and the inventor.
The Printing press and gutenburg
Where were most Catholics in Europe at the end of the Reformation?
Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy.
In what ways did the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and U.S. Bill of Rights fall short of being truly "enlightened"?
They were written by and for white, land-owning males.
They didn't mention anything about the rights of minorities (e.g. women, blacks, Native Americans).
They contained nothing about the practice of slavery in the U.S.
How did the Scientific Revolution challenge previously established ideas and worldviews?
he scientific revolution, which emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method, resulted in developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry.
Who was the Enlightenment thinker who argued that women deserved equal rights as men?
Mary Wollstonecraft in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
two reasons as to how Martin Luther's teachings differed from the teachings of the Catholic Church.
Luther believed that Christians could only reach salvation through faith in God. He did not believe that the Pope or other priests had any special powers, including the forgiveness of sins.