Problems in the Church
Criticism of the Catholic Church’s wealth, power, and interference in secular affairs.
Anticlericalism
This German monk posted his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
Martin Luther
This belief holds that God has already determined who will be saved.
Predestination
This 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.
Peace of Augsburg
This 1545–1563 meeting clarified Catholic doctrine and addressed abuses within the Church.
Council of Trent
This practice allowed clergy to hold multiple church offices simultaneously.
Clerical Pluralism
This Dominican friar sold indulgences to help finance St. Peter’s Basilica.
Johan Tetzel
This reformer established a Protestant movement in Zurich, Switzerland.
Ulrich Zwingli
This French religious minority followed Calvinism.
The Huguenots
This English monarch broke with Rome and established royal control over the English Church.
Henry VIII
These abuses included priests neglecting their duties or violating expected standards of conduct.
clerical Immorality
This 1524–1525 uprising saw German peasants revolt against economic oppression and social inequality.
The German Peasant Wars
This reformer wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped establish a Protestant community in Geneva.
John Calvin
This 1572 event saw thousands of French Protestants murdered by Catholic mobs and authorities.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
This Catholic order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, emphasized education, missionary work, and loyalty to the pope.
The Jesuits
This problem involved priests who lacked adequate education and struggled to explain Christian teachings.
Clerical Ignorance
This technology helped spread Luther’s ideas rapidly across Europe by making books and pamphlets cheaper to produce.
The Printing Press
These radical reformers rejected infant baptism and believed baptism should follow a conscious profession of faith.
Anabaptists
This 1598 decree granted French Protestants limited religious toleration and certain rights.
Edict of Nantes
This English monarch's 1559 religious settlement established a lasting compromise between Protestant and Catholic traditions.
Elizabeth I
Identify TWO major religious or nonreligious complaints against the pre-Reformation Catholic Church.
- The sale of indulgences
- Clerical immorality
- Clerical ignorance
- Pluralism
- Absenteeism
- Excessive Church wealth and political power
Explain why Protestant ideas appealed to some German princes and ordinary people.
Princes wanted greater independence from the emperor and the Church and opportunities to gain Church lands. Ordinary people sought religious reform, access to Scripture, or relief from Church fees and abuses.
This Scottish reformer helped establish Presbyterianism in Scotland, influenced by Calvinist ideas.
John Knox
This 1588 Spanish invasion fleet was defeated in its attempt to overthrow Elizabeth I and restore Catholic influence in England.
The Spanish Armada
This English religious text, first published in 1549, standardized worship and prayer in the Church of England.
The Book of Common Prayer