Thorax
What 3 structures occupy the costal groove. Identify them in order from superior to inferior.
intercostal vein
intercostal artery
intercostal nerve
Name the 4 primary abdominal muscles from deepest to most superficial.
transverse abdominal, internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis
What 2 lines form the iliopectineal line? Where is each located?
The arcuate line on the ilium and the pectineal line on the pubis.
What are the unilateral actions of the external oblique muscles?
ipsilateral lateral flexion of the vertebral column
contralateral rotation of the vertebral column
1) What is the spinal origin of the lumbar plexus?
2) What are the 3 major branches?
1) (ventral primary rami of) L1 - L4
2) Femoral (L2 - L4)
Obturator (L2 - L4)
Lumbosacral trunk (L4 - L5)
1) What differentiates the false ribs from the true ribs?
2) Which ribs are false ribs?
1) False ribs do not attach directly to the sternum.
2) The false ribs are ribs 8 - 12.
Ribs 8 - 10 attach to the sternum indirectly through the costal cartilage of the rib above.
Ribs 11 - 12 do not have any anterior attachment but end in the anterolateral abdominal wall.
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
right and left hypochondriac, superior epigastric, right and left lumbar/flank/lateral, umbilical, right and left inguinal/groin, hypogastric
Identify the differences in the male vs. female pelvis.
Male: narrower, taller, less tilted, heart-shaped pelvic inlet, heavier/thicker bones, subpubic angle 50 - 60 degrees
Female: wider and shallower, more tilted, oval/circular pelvic inlet, adapted for childbearing, subpubic angle 80 - 90 degrees
Which nerve provides motor stimulation to the diaphragm?
A) vagus nerve
B) phrenic nerve
C) accessory nerve
D) intercostal nerve
B) phrenic nerve (C3 - C5)
What vertebral level corresponds with the level of the xiphoid process?
A) T5
B) T10
C) L1
D) T7
B) T10
1) Which muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?
2) Which other muscles are considered accessory muscles of inspiration?
1) external intercostals
2) sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus posterior superior, elevators of the ribs (levator costarum)
The femoral artery gives rise to which 2 arteries of the abdominal wall?
A) internal thoracic and superficial epigastric
B) inferior epigastric and deep circumflex
C) superficial circumflex and superficial epigastric
D) musculophrenic and internal thoracic
C) superficial circumflex and superficial epigastric
Which structure defines the boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis?
pelvic brim: sacral promontory, sacral ala, iliopectineal line, pubic crest, superior border of pubic symphysis
Describe the fibre direction of the external oblique muscle?
infero-anterior (hands in pockets)
What is the effect caused by the Valsalva maneuver?
A) enhances respiration
B) temporarily decreases blood pressure
C) stimulates digestion
D) increases intra-abdominal pressure
D) increases intra-abdominal pressure
What rib has 2 transverse grooves on its superior surface, separated by the scalene tubercle?
A) 1
B) 8
C) 19
D) 4
A) 1
What are the main organs found in the left upper quadrant?
spleen, most of stomach, pancreas, part of liver
What structure closes the pelvic outlet?
A) pubic symphysis
B) sacroiliac joint
C) pelvic diaphragm
D) sacrococcygeal joint
C) pelvic diaphragm (levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their associated fasciae)
1) What muscles merge to form the iliopsoas muscle?
2) What is the common insertion?
1) psoas major and iliacus
2) lesser trochanter of the femur
At what age does the xiphoid process ossify?
around age 40
The shape of the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) is:
A) circular
B) kidney shaped
C) heart shaped
D) triangular
B) kidney shaped
bounded by the first thoracic vertebrae, the first rib, first costal cartilage, the manubrium of the sternum
In which quadrant of the abdomen can the appendix be found?
A) left lower
B) right lower
C) left upper
D) right upper
B) right lower
(located at McBurney's point)
What do the superior articular facets of the sacrum articulate with?
A) coccygeal cornu
B) inferior articular facets of L5
C) transverse processes of T12
D) auricular surface of ilium
B) inferior articular facets of L5
1) What is the common innervation for the abdominal muscles?
2) What additional nerve can serve the internal oblique and transverse abdominal?
1) Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7 - T12)
2) Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
1) The inguinal ligament is formed by which structure?
2) What are the attachment points?
1) The inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis
2) Runs from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle