I
Prior to the 19th Century, civilization regarded the onset of infections being caused by foul air, were commonly called
Miasma
Diseases such as typhus, ______________, ________________, and ____________
were common in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world prior to the
20th century
Cholera, Typhoid and Dysentery
Who was John Snow and what was his role in the cholera epidemic of 1849 and 1854?
He was a physician who investigated two Asiatic cholera epidemics in London. Most famous was the pump handle that when removed the epidemic was brought under control, He was considered the epidemiological giant of his time.
What role did Robert Koch play in the study of cholera in the 1880s?
German physician who succeeded in isolating culturing the cholera bacillus from stools of advanced cholera patients. He proved that there was a relationship between polluted water and the disease.
Water treatment, specifically the application of disinfectant, has practically
eliminated many of the traditional waterborne diseases in developed countries,
However waterborne diseases such as; ___________________, _______________
and _______________________ still occur.
Viral Gastroenteritis, infectious hepatitis A, and giardiasis/ cryptosporidiosis
Waterborne diseases in the U.S. occur more frequently in what water systems?
Non-community water systems
What is a community water system?
A public water system that supplies water to the same population year round
What is a non-transient non-community water system?
A public water system that regularly supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months per year, but not year round Examples: schools, offices, and hospitals
What is a transient non-community water system?
A public water system that provides water in a place such as a campground or gas station where people do not remain for long periods of time
Drinking water contaminated with what is the principle cause of waterborne diseases?
Sewage
Cryptosporidium oocysts can survive in surface water at 4 0 C for how many months?
18 plus months
What are the six barriers of a multiple barrier plan of water treatment to ensure the safety of the consumer?
Source water protection, water treatment plant processes, disinfection practices, distribution systems, security, and education
What are the EPA recommendations for a minimum state regulatory program regarding the surveillance of a public water supply?
Water quality sampling- bacteriological, chemical, and radio logical this would also include turbidity and residual chlorine, supervision of operation, maintenance, and use of approved state, utility, and private lab services, cross connection control and bottled bulk water safety
Schistosomiasis is largely endemic to which three places?
Africa, Asia and South America
Schistosomiasis is spread by freshwater
Fresh water snails
It is estimated that there are more than how many cases or more annually of schistosomiasis and the number is expected to increase?
300 million
Category A agents ( Bio-terrorism)
High level priority for preparedness examples: small pox, anthrax, plague etc
Category B agents ( Bio-terrorism)
Agents have a need for improved awareness,, surveillance measures and lab diagnosis examples: Q fever, brucellosis, glanders etc
Category C agents ( Bio-terrorism)
Agents have a need for continued review of potential threat to the public examples: nipah virus, hantaviruses, and tick borne hemorrhagic fever
Communicable Diseases
Are illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products. They arise through transmission of that agent and it products from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment
What are six core health problems in developing countries?
What are six core health problems in developing countries?
What three factors that make developing countries susceptible to illnesses?
Contaminated water, unhygienic housing and poor sanitation
When a country shifts from infectious disease mortality to chronic disease mortality, the country is said to have undergone a what?
Epidemiological transition
What are the goals of environmental health programs?
The prevention of disease, disability, and premature death but it also maintenance of the environment that is suited to humanity's efficient performance and prevention of comfort and enjoyment of living today and in the future
The epidemiologic triangle is made up of what three factors?
Host, Agent and Environment