Schedules of Reinforcement
FR1
Fixed ratio of every (1) occurrence. Reinforcement is available after every response.
Patient mands "help" when they can't link train set together
BT assists by linking train set
How do we increase behaviors?
Effective reinforcement
What is a preference assessment?
A procedure used to determine the most effective reinforcer for a patient at that moment.
Reinforcement
Occurs when a stimulus change (a stimulus given or removed) that immediately follows a response, which increases the future frequency of that behavior in similar situations.
VR2
Varied ratio of 2 responses/occurrences. Reinforcement may be provided after 1 trail or 3 trails.
Functional Reinforcers
Reinforcers built into an activity or task; reinforcers that closely mirror the reinforcement delivered in everyday life.
Why is it important to reinforce replacement behaviors?
This helps reduce challenging behaviors, this is key to teaching more appropriate behaviors that help the patient meet their wants and needs.
How often should preference assessments occur?
Minimum- before every lesson and when the patients attention/motivation is low.
Reinforcer
A stimulus (given or removed) that follows a behavior that increases the future likelihood of that behavior occurring in similar circumstances.
Fixed Schedule
Reinforcement is available following a set amount of time/responses.
BT asks for train during train set activity and patient gives it to them
BT continues play/ narrates actions of the train, pairs with train sounds.
DRA
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behaviors: The delivery of reinforcement contingent on an alternative response, where a specific replacement behavior is identified and only that specific behavior is reinforced.
Run a preference assessment with a vocal patient in NET
Ask "what should we do/play?"
Give (visual) choices, avoid asking "do you want (item)?"
Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of stimuli that increases (or maintains) future frequency of the behavior in similar circumstances.
Variable Schedule
Reinforcement is available following varied or average amount of responses/time.
Patient spontaneously tact's "I think I can, I think I can" while pushing the train up the hill.
BT continues to tact little engine that could.
DRI
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviors: The delivery of reinforcement contingent on a specific desirable behavior that is physically incompatible with the problem behavior so that both responses could not occur at the same time.
Run a preference assessment with a non-vocal patient.
Observe their response.
Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal or decrease of stimuli that increases (or maintains) future frequency of the behavior in similar circumstances.
Continuous reinforcement vs Intermittent reinforcement
C: Reinforcement every instance of the behavior, or after every trail. Used for new and emerging skills.
I: Reinforce some responses but not all, may be every 2nd, 3rd, or 10th response. Often used for known or mastered skills.
Patient respond to SD " where do you go to school?"
BT provides high five.
DRO
Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviors: the delivery of reinforcers on an interval schedule, contingent upon the absence of the problem behavior. With a DRO, a specific replacement behavior is not identified, but rather, any appropriate behavior other than the problem behavior.
What is MO?
Motivating Operation: an environmental condition, stimulus, or event that alters the effectiveness or a reinforcer.
Conditioned vs Unconditioned Reinforce
C: A stimulus that initially has no reinforcing properties but through occurring simultaneously with an unconditioned or strongly conditioned reinforcer, acquires reinforcing properties.
U: A stimulus, such as food, water, shelter, or clothing that is reinforcing in the absence of any prior learning history.